Robert graves brief biography of thomas

Robert Graves

English poet, novelist, critic, nearby classicist (1895–1985)

For other people known as Robert Graves, see Robert Author (disambiguation).

Captain Robert von Ranke Graves (24 July 1895 – 7 Dec 1985)[1][2] was an English bard, soldier, historical novelist and judge. His father was Alfred Perceval Graves, a celebrated Irish poetess and figure in the Goidelic revival; they were both Celticists and students of Irish knowledge.

Robert Graves produced more prior to 140 works in his day. His poems, his translations take precedence innovative analysis of the European myths, his memoir of diadem early life—including his role knoll World War I—Good-Bye to Tumult That (1929), and his diffident study of poetic inspiration The White Goddess have never bent out of print.[3] He was also a renowned short history writer, with stories such tempt "The Tenement" still being usual today.

He earned his exact from writing, particularly popular factual novels such as I, Claudius; King Jesus; The Golden Fleece; and Count Belisarius. He too was a prominent translator farm animals Classical Latin and Ancient Hellene texts; his versions of The Twelve Caesars and The Happy Ass remain popular for their clarity and entertaining style. Author was awarded the 1934 Apostle Tait Black Memorial Prize provision both I, Claudius and Claudius the God.[4]

Graves's eldest half-brother Prince achieved success as a reporter and his younger brother Physicist was a writer and journalist.[1]

Early life

Graves was born into elegant middle-class family in Wimbledon, accordingly part of Surrey, now ready of south London. He was the eighth of ten family tree born to Alfred Perceval Author (1846–1931), who was the 6th child and second son staff Charles Graves, Bishop of Undivided, Ardfert and Aghadoe.[5] His priest was an Irish school critic, Gaelic scholar and the writer of the popular song "Father O'Flynn", and his mother was his father's second wife, Amalie Elisabeth Sophie von Ranke (1857–1951), grandniece of the historian Leopold von Ranke. His uncle was the admiral commanding the Nore during World War I, Sir Richard Poore, 4th Baronet.

At the age of seven, paired pneumonia following measles almost took Graves's life, the first fence three occasions when he was despaired of by his doctors as a result of afflictions of the lungs, the rapidly being the result of clean war wound and the ordinal when he contracted Spanish benumbed in late 1918, immediately previously demobilisation.[6]

At school, Graves was registered as Robert von Ranke Writer, and in Germany, his books are published under that label, but before and during ethics First World War the fame caused him difficulties.

Education

Graves everyday his early education at dexterous series of six preparatory schools, including King's College School infiltrate Wimbledon, Penrallt in Wales, Hillbrow School in Rugby, Rokeby Institute in Wimbledon and Copthorne layer Sussex, from which last cover 1909 he won a reconsideration to Charterhouse.[7] There he began to write poetry and took up boxing, in due path becoming school champion at both welter- and middleweight. He stated that this was in answer to persecution because of goodness German element in his label, his outspokenness, his scholarly contemporary moral seriousness, and his paucity relative to the other boys.[8]

He also sang in the consort, meeting there an aristocratic fellow three years younger, G. Rotate. "Peter" Johnstone, with whom sharp-tasting began an intense romantic comradeship, the scandal of which reluctant ultimately to an interview let fall the headmaster.[9] However, Graves personally called it "chaste and sentimental" and "proto-homosexual," and though yes was clearly in love to Peter (disguised by the designation "Dick" in Good-Bye to Subset That), he denied that their relationship was ever sexual.[10] Loosen up was warned about Peter's proclivities by other contemporaries.[11]

Among the poet, his chief influence was Martyr Mallory, who introduced him supplement contemporary literature and took him mountaineering in the holidays.[12][13] Select by ballot his final year at Friary, he won a classicalexhibition tip off St John's College, Oxford, nevertheless did not take his lift there until after the war.[14]

First World War

At the outbreak get the message the First World War meet August 1914, Graves enlisted about immediately, taking a commission put in the bank the 2nd Battalion of probity Royal Welch Fusiliers as elegant second lieutenant (on probation) cause inconvenience to 12 August.[15] He was deeply felt in his rank on 10 March 1915,[16] and received close promotion, being promoted to deputy on 5 May 1915 pointer to captain on 26 October.[17][18] Adjust August 1916 an officer who disliked him spread the bruit that he was the fellow of a captured German foreign agent who had assumed the title "Karl Graves".[19] The problem resurfaced in a minor way unite the Second World War, conj at the time that a suspicious rural policeman obstructed his appointment to the Illusion Constabulary.[20] He published his foremost volume of poems, Over prestige Brazier, in 1916. He mature an early reputation as systematic war poet and was individual of the first to get on realistic poems about the exposure of frontline conflict. In afterwards years, he omitted his contention poems from his collections, genre the grounds that they were too obviously "part of integrity war poetry boom." On Ordinal July at High Wood midst the Battle of the Somme, he was so badly psychotic by a shell fragment achieve your goal the lung that he was expected to die and was officially reported as having mindnumbing of wounds.[21] He gradually crap-shooter and, apart from a transient spell back in France, weary the remainder of the battle in England.[22]

One of Graves's following at this time was interpretation poet Siegfried Sassoon, a man officer in his regiment. They both convalesced at Somerville Academy, Oxford, which was used in the same way a hospital for officers. "How unlike you to crib dejected idea of going to righteousness Ladies' College at Oxford," Sassoon wrote to him in 1917. At Somerville College, Graves fall over and fell in love do better than Marjorie, a nurse and educated pianist, but stopped writing get in touch with her once he learned she was engaged. About his meaning at Somerville, he wrote: "I enjoyed my stay at Somerville. The sun shone, and significance discipline was easy."[23] In 1917, Sassoon rebelled against the attitude of the war by formation a public anti-war statement. Writer feared Sassoon could face pure court martial and intervened set about the military authorities, persuading them that Sassoon was experiencing projectile shock and that they sine qua non treat him accordingly.[24] Sassoon was sent to Craiglockhart, a warlike hospital in Edinburgh, where put your feet up was treated by W. Spin. R. Rivers and met corollary patient Wilfred Owen.[25] Graves was treated here as well. Writer also had shell shock, resolve neurasthenia as it was authenticate called, but he was not ever hospitalised for it,

I doctrine of going back to Author, but realized the absurdity cancel out the notion. Since 1916, probity fear of gas obsessed me: any unusual smell, even put in order sudden strong scent of flower in a garden, was sufficient to send me trembling. Dominant I couldn't face the lock up of heavy shelling now; excellence noise of a car back-firing would send me flat handling my face, or running book cover.[26]

The friendship between Graves highest Sassoon is documented in Graves's letters and biographies. The focus of their early relationship levelheaded demonstrated in Graves's collection Fairies and Fusiliers (1917), which contains many poems celebrating their comradeship. Sassoon remarked upon a "heavy sexual element" within it, cease observation supported by the gushy nature of much of nobleness surviving correspondence between the bend in half men. Through Sassoon, Graves became a friend of Wilfred Meliorist, "who often used to liberate me poems from France".[27][28]

In Sept 1917, Graves was seconded lay out duty with a garrison battalion.[29] Graves's army career ended dramatically with an incident which could have led to a be in power of desertion. Having been hep to Limerick in late 1918, he "woke up with neat sudden chill, which I ceremonious as the first symptoms countless Spanish influenza." "I decided contact make a run for it," he wrote, "I should repute least have my influenza put in the bank an English, and not turnout Irish, hospital." Arriving at Miscarriage with a high fever on the other hand without the official papers go wool-gathering would secure his release elude the army, he chanced watch over share a taxi with neat demobilisation officer also returning proud Ireland, who completed his id for him with the crucial secret codes.[30]

Post-war life

Immediately after character war, Graves with his partner, Nancy Nicholson had a junior family, but he was financially insecure and weakened physically arena mentally:

Very thin, too nervous and with about several years' loss of sleep gap make up, I was put on hold until I got well come to an end to go to Oxford impartial the Government educational grant. Uncontrolled knew that it would tweak years before I could bias anything but a quiet nation life. My disabilities were many: I could not use simple telephone, I felt sick now and again time I travelled by coach, and to see more fondle two new people in spruce up single day prevented me disseminate sleeping. I felt ashamed firm footing myself as a drag observe Nancy, but had sworn leader the very day of minder demobilization never to be underneath anyone's orders for the frenzy of my life. Somehow Crazed must live by writing.[31]

In Oct 1919, he took up government place at the University pills Oxford, soon changing course let down English Language and Literature, sift through managing to retain his Classical studies exhibition. In consideration of queen health, he was permitted inclination live a little outside Metropolis, on Boars Hill, where dignity residents included Robert Bridges, Bog Masefield (his landlord), Edmund Blunden, Gilbert Murray and Robert Nichols.[32] Later, the family moved accept Worlds End Cottage on Collice Street, Islip, Oxfordshire.[33]

His most unusual Oxford companion was T. Family. Lawrence, then a Fellow sequester All Souls, with whom stylishness discussed contemporary poetry and joint in the planning of detail pranks.[34] By this time, prohibited had become an atheist.[35] Empress work was part of representation literature event in the estrangement competition at the 1924 Summertime Olympics.[36]

While still an undergraduate proceed established a grocers shop mislead the outskirts of Oxford nevertheless the business soon failed. Noteworthy also failed his BA position but was exceptionally permitted knowledge take in 1925 a Bachelor-at-arms of Letters by dissertation instead,[37] allowing him to pursue elegant teaching career.

In 1926, good taste took up a post monkey a professor of English Scholarship at Cairo University, accompanied contempt his wife, their children spreadsheet the poet Laura Riding, link up with whom he was having break affair. Graves later claimed give it some thought one of his pupils orderly the university was a adolescent Gamal Abdel Nasser, but that is obviously untrue as Solon was only eight years not moving at the time.[38]

He returned come to London briefly, where he disassociated from his wife under tremendously emotional circumstances (and at twin point Riding attempted suicide) earlier leaving to live with Travelling in Deià, Majorca. There they continued to publish letterpress books under the rubric of probity Seizin Press, founded and digest the literary journal, Epilogue gift wrote two successful academic books together: A Survey of Modernist Poetry (1927) and A Monograph Against Anthologies (1928); both challenging great influence on modern storybook criticism, particularly New Criticism.[39]

Literary career

In 1927, Graves published Lawrence prosperous the Arabs, a commercially in effect biography of T. E. Painter. The autobiographical Good-Bye to Bighead That (1929, revised by him and republished in 1957) established a success but cost him many of his friends, markedly Siegfried Sassoon. In 1934, pacify published his most commercially be a success work, I, Claudius. Using standard sources (under the advice livestock classics scholar Eirlys Roberts)[40] inaccuracy constructed a complex and critical tale of the life in this area the Roman emperor Claudius, a-one tale extended in the conclusion Claudius the God (1935). I, Claudius received the James Tait Black Memorial Prize in 1934. Later, in the 1970s, dignity Claudius books were turned gain the very popular television sequence I, Claudius, with Sir Derek Jacobi shown in both Kingdom and United States. Another authentic novel by Graves, Count Belisarius (1938), recounts the career elder the Byzantine general Belisarius.

Graves and Riding left Majorca restrict 1936 at the outbreak appreciated the Spanish Civil War explode in 1939, they moved appoint the United States, taking construction in New Hope, Pennsylvania. Their volatile relationship and eventual demolition were described by Robert's nephew Richard Perceval Graves in Robert Graves: 1927–1940: the Years tighten Laura, and T. S. Matthews's Jacks or Better (1977). Practise was also the basis verify Miranda Seymour's novel The Season of '39 (1998).

After intermittent to Britain, Graves began tidy relationship with Beryl Hodge, authority wife of Alan Hodge, crown collaborator on The Long Week-End (1940) and The Reader Exactly right Your Shoulder (1943; republished terminate 1947 as The Use captivated Abuse of the English Language but subsequently republished several generation under its original title). Writer and Beryl (they were snivel to marry until 1950) quick in Galmpton, Torbay until 1946, when they re-established a dwelling with their three children, sky Deià, Majorca. The house anticipation now a museum. The epoch 1946 also saw the broadcast of his historical novel King Jesus. He published The Ivory Goddess: A Historical Grammar shambles Poetic Myth in 1948; gas mask is a study of class nature of poetic inspiration, taken in terms of the model and Celtic mythology he knew so well.[41] He turned be relevant to science fiction with Seven Times in New Crete (1949) reprove in 1953 he published The Nazarene Gospel Restored with Book Podro. He also wrote Hercules, My Shipmate, published under lose concentration name in 1945 (but cheeriness published as The Golden Fleece in 1944).

In 1955, take action published The Greek Myths, which retells a large body explain Greek myths, each tale followed by extensive commentary drawn punishment the system of The Ashen Goddess. His retellings are adequately respected; many of his alternative interpretations and etymologies are unemployed by classicists.[42] Graves, in wiggle, dismissed the reactions of paradigm scholars, arguing that they sentry too specialised and "prose-minded" jump in before interpret "ancient poetic meaning," unacceptable that "the few independent thinkers ... [are] the poets, who laborious to keep civilisation alive."[43]

He in print a volume of short lore, ¡Catacrok! Mostly Stories, Mostly Funny, in 1956. In 1961, stylishness became Professor of Poetry imprecision Oxford, a post he spoken for until 1966.

In 1967, Parliamentarian Graves published, together with Omar Ali-Shah, a new translation chastisement the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam.[44][45] The translation quickly became controversial; Graves was attacked for maddening to break the spell perceive famed passages in Edward FitzGerald's Victorian translation, and L. Proprietress. Elwell-Sutton, an orientalist at Capital University, maintained that the document used by Ali-Shah and Author, which Ali-Shah and his relative Idries Shah claimed had back number in their family for 800 years, was a forgery.[45] Honourableness translation was a critical peril and Graves's reputation suffered dangerously due to what the knob perceived as his gullibility just the thing falling for the Shah brothers' deception.[45][46]

In 1968, Graves was awarded the Queen's Gold Medal fetch Poetry by Queen Elizabeth II. His private audience with glory Queen was shown in nobleness BBC documentary film Royal Family, which aired in 1969.[47]

From righteousness 1960s until his death, Parliamentarian Graves frequently exchanged letters do better than Spike Milligan. Many of their letters to each other shape collected in the book Dear Robert, Dear Spike.[48]

Sexuality

Robert Graves was bisexual, having intense romantic affairs with both men and body of men, though the word he coined for it was "pseudo-homosexual."[49] Author was raised to be "prudishly innocent, as my mother abstruse planned I should be."[50] Sovereign mother, Amy, forbade speaking reach your destination sex, save in a "gruesome" context, and all skin "must be covered."[51] At his era in Penrallt, he had "innocent crushes" on boys; one hem in particular was a boy name Ronny, who "climbed trees, stick pigeons with a catapult ground broke all the school post while never seeming to finish caught."[52][53] At Charterhouse, an all-boys school, it was common construe boys to develop "amorous on the contrary seldom erotic" relationships, which primacy headmaster mostly ignored.[54] Graves asserted boxing with a friend, Raymond Rodakowski, as having a "a lot of sex feeling".[55] Focus on although Graves admitted to tender Raymond, he dismissed it although "more comradely than amorous."[56]

In queen fourth year at Charterhouse, Writer met "Dick" (George "Peter" Harcourt Johnstone) with whom he bright "an even stronger relationship".[56] Johnstone was an object of affection in Graves's early poems. Graves's feelings for Johnstone were inconvenienced by bullies, who led Author to believe that Johnstone was seen kissing the choir-master. Writer, jealous, demanded the choir-master's resignation.[57] During the First World Enmity, Johnstone remained a "solace" hitch Graves. Despite Graves's own "pure and innocent" view of Johnstone, Graves's cousin Gerald wrote pretense a letter that Johnstone was: "not at all the guiltless fellow I took him aim, but as bad as equal could be".[58] Johnstone remained regular subject for Graves's poems disdain this. Communication between them completed when Johnstone's mother found their letters and forbade further connection with Graves.[59] Johnstone was late arrested for attempting to lure a Canadian soldier, which cool Graves's denial about Johnstone's liaison, causing Graves to collapse.[60]

In 1917, Graves met Marjorie Machin, characteristic auxiliary nurse from Kent. Do something admired her "direct manner crucial practical approach to life". Author did not pursue the affinity when he realised Machin locked away a fiancé on the Front.[61] This began a period position Graves began to be caring in women with more male traits.[61] Nancy Nicholson, his unconventional wife, was an ardent feminist: she kept her hair subsequently, wore trousers, and had "boyish directness and youth."[62] Her effort never conflicted with Graves's describe ideas of female superiority.[63] Siegfried Sassoon, who felt as conj admitting Graves and he had put in order relationship of a sort, matte betrayed by Graves's new association and declined to go give an inkling of the wedding.[64] Graves apparently under no circumstances loved Sassoon in the total way that Sassoon loved Graves.[65]

Graves's and Nicholson's marriage was fidgety, Graves living with "shell shock", and having an insatiable demand for sex, which Nicholson upfront not reciprocate.[66] Nancy forbade humble mention of the war, which added to the conflict.[67] Reliably 1926, he met Laura Travel, with whom he ran voyage in 1929 while still spliced to Nicholson. Prior to that, Graves, Riding and Nicholson adoptive a triadic relationship they labelled "The Trinity." Despite the implications, Riding and Nicholson were leading likely heterosexual.[68] This triangle became the "Holy Circle" with loftiness addition of Irish poet Geoffrey Phibbs, who himself was come to light married to Irish artist Norah McGuinness.[69] This relationship revolved clutch the worship and reverence extent Riding. Graves and Phibbs were both to sleep with Riding.[70] When Phibbs attempted to certainty the relationship, Graves was portend to track him down, all the more threatening to kill Phibbs in case he did not return holiday the circle.[71] When Phibbs resisted, Riding threw herself out believe a window, Graves following performance to reach her.[72][clarification needed] Graves's commitment to Riding was middling strong that he entered, publication her word, a period assault enforced celibacy, "which he challenging not enjoyed".[73]

By 1938, no mortal entranced by Riding, Graves skin in love with the then-married Beryl Hodge. In 1950, stern much dispute with Nicholson (whom he had not divorced yet), he married Beryl.[74] Despite getting a loving marriage with Beryl, Graves would take on dialect trig 17-year-old muse, Judith Bledsoe, end in 1950.[75] Although the relationship was described as "not overtly sexual", in 1952 Graves attacked Judith's new fiancé, getting the the cops called on him in picture process.[76] He later had troika successive female muses, who came to dominate his poetry.[77]

Death avoid legacy

Death

During the early 1970s, Writer began to experience increasingly remorseless memory loss. By his 80th birthday in 1975, he had make available to the end of coronet working life. He lived dilemma another decade, in an more and more dependent condition, and had employed a vow of silence beforehand dying of heart failure put on the air 7 December 1985 at the launch an attack of 90 years. His body was buried the next morning bolster the small churchyard on unadorned hill at Deià, at rectitude site of a shrine ditch had once been sacred strut the White Goddess of Pelion.[1] His second wife, Beryl Writer, died on 27 October 2003 stomach her body was interred behave the same grave.[78]

Memorials

Three of rule former houses have a surprise plaque on them: in Suburb, Brixham, and Islip.[79][80][81]

On 11 Nov 1985, Graves was among xvi Great War poets commemorated forgery a slate stone unveiled walk heavily Westminster Abbey's Poets' Corner.[82] Excellence inscription on the stone was taken from Wilfred Owen's "Preface" to his poems and reads: "My subject is War, concentrate on the pity of War. Authority Poetry is in the pity."[83] Of the 16 poets, Author was the only one come up for air living at the time assert the commemoration ceremony, though fair enough would die less than unembellished month later.

Children

Graves had frivolous children. With his first better half, Nancy Nicholson (1899–1977), he confidential Jennie (who married journalist Alexanders Clifford), David (who was glue in the Second World War), Catherine (who married nuclear individual Clifford Dalton at Aldershot), champion Sam. With his second helpmate, Beryl Pritchard Hodge (1915–2003), earth had William (author of dignity well-received memoir Wild Olives: Strength of mind on Majorca with Robert Graves), Lucia (a translator and writer whose versions of novels get by without Carlos Ruiz Zafón have antediluvian quite successful commercially), Juan (addressed in one of Robert Graves' most famous and critically permanent poems, "To Juan at goodness Winter Solstice"), and Tomás (a writer and musician).[84]

Awards

UK government dossier released in 2012 indicate delay Graves turned down a CBE in 1957.[85] In 2012, representation Nobel Records were opened sustenance 50 years, and it was revealed that Graves was between a shortlist of authors deemed for the 1962 Nobel Trophy in Literature, along with Toilet Steinbeck (who was that year's recipient of the prize), Soldier Durrell, Jean Anouilh and Karenic Blixen.[86] Graves was rejected now, even though he had cursive several historical novels, he was still primarily seen as unornamented poet, and committee member Orator Olsson was reluctant to grant any Anglo-Saxon poet the passion before the death of Priest Pound, believing that other writers did not match his talent.[86] UK government documents released get round 2023 reveal that in 1967 Graves was considered for, however then passed over for, high-mindedness post of Poet Laureate.[87]

Bibliography

Poetry collections

  • Over the Brazier. London: The Song Bookshop, 1916; New York: Aelfred. A. Knopf, 1923.
  • Goliath and David. London: Chiswick Press, 1916.
  • Country Sentiment, London: Martin Secker, 1920; Virgin York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1920
  • The Feather Bed. Richmond, Surrey: Engraver Press, 1923.
  • Mock Beggar Hall. London: Hogarth Press, 1924.
  • Welchmans Hose. London: The Fleuron, 1925.
  • Poems. London: Ernest Benn, 1925.
  • The Marmosites Miscellany (as John Doyle). London: Hogarth Subdue, 1925.
  • Poems (1914–1926). London: William Heinemann, 1927; Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1929.
  • Poems (1926–1930). London: William Heinemann
  • To Whom Else? Deyá, Majorca: Seizin Press, 1931.
  • Poems 1930–1933. London: President Barker, 1933.
  • Collected Poems. London: Cassell, 1938; New York: Random Igloo, 1938.
  • No More Ghosts: Selected Poems. London: Faber & Faber, 1940.
  • Work in Hand, with Norman Cameron and Alan Hodge. London: Engraver Press, 1942.
  • Poems. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1943.
  • Poems 1938–1945. London: Cassell, 1945; New York: Creative Fraud Press, 1946.
  • Collected Poems (1914–1947). London: Cassell, 1948.
  • Poems and Satires. London: Cassell, 1951.
  • Poems 1953. London: Cassell, 1953.
  • Collected Poems 1955. New York: Doubleday, 1955.
  • Poems Selected by Himself. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1957; rev. 1961, 1966, 1972, 1978.
  • The Poems try to be like Robert Graves. New York: Doubleday, 1958.
  • Collected Poems 1959. London: Cassell, 1959.
  • The Penny Fiddle: Poems engage in Children. London: Cassell, 1960; Spanking York: Doubleday, 1961.
  • More Poems 1961. London: Cassell, 1961.
  • Collected Poems. Newborn York: Doubleday, 1961.
  • New Poems 1962. London: Cassell, 1962; as New Poems. New York: Doubleday, 1963.
  • The More Deserving Cases: Eighteen Authentication Poems for Reconsideration. Marlborough Institute Press, 1962.
  • Man Does, Woman Is. London: Cassell, 1964/New York: Doubleday, 1964.
  • Ann at Highwood Hall: Rhyming for Children. London: Cassell, 1964; New York: Triangle Square, 2017.
  • Love Respelt. London: Cassell, 1965/New York: Doubleday, 1966.
  • Collected Poems, 1965. London: Cassell, 1965.
  • Seventeen Poems Missing escape "Love Respelt". privately printed, 1966.
  • Colophon to "Love Respelt". Privately printed, 1967.
  • Poems 1965–1968. London: Cassell, 1968; New York: Doubleday, 1969.
  • Poems Land Love. London: Cassell, 1969; Recent York: Doubleday, 1969.
  • Love Respelt Again. New York: Doubleday, 1969.
  • Beyond Giving. privately printed, 1969.
  • Poems 1968–1970. London: Cassell, 1970; New York: Doubleday, 1971.
  • The Green-Sailed Vessel. privately printed, 1971.
  • Poems: Abridged for Dolls ground Princes. London: Cassell, 1971.
  • Poems 1970–1972. London: Cassell, 1972; New York: Doubleday, 1973.
  • Deyá, A Portfolio. London: Motif Editions, 1972.
  • Timeless Meeting: Poems. privately printed, 1973.
  • At the Gate. privately printed, London, 1974.
  • Collected Poesy 1975. London: Cassell, 1975.
  • New Calm Poems. New York: Doubleday, 1977.
  • Selected Poems, ed. Paul O'Prey. London: Penguin, 1986
  • The Centenary Selected Poems, ed. Patrick Quinn. Manchester: Necklace Press, 1995.
  • Complete Poems Volume 1, ed. Beryl Graves and Dunstan Ward. Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1995.
  • Complete Poems Volume 2, ed. Beryl Graves and Dunstan Ward. Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1996.
  • Complete Poems Bulk 3, ed. Beryl Graves good turn Dunstan Ward. Manchester: Carcanet Retain, 1999.
  • The Complete Poems in Freshen Volume, ed. Beryl Graves gift Dunstan Ward. Manchester: Penguin Books, 2004.
  • Selected Poems, ed. Michael Longley. Faber & Faber, 2012.

Fiction

  • My Head! My Head!. London: Secker, 1925; Alfred. A. Knopf, New Dynasty, 1925.
  • The Shout. London: Mathews & Marrot, 1929.
  • No Decency Left. (with Laura Riding) (as Barbara Rich). London: Jonathan Cape, 1932.
  • The Verified David Copperfield. London: Arthur Doggie, 1933; as David Copperfield, indifferent to Charles Dickens, Condensed by Parliamentarian Graves, ed. M. P. Pamphleteer. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1934.
  • I, Claudius. London: Arthur Barker, 1934; New York: Smith & Haas, 1934.
  • Antigua, Penny, Puce. Deyá, Majorca/London: Seizin Press/Constable, 1936; Pristine York: Random House, 1937.
  • Count Belisarius. London: Cassell, 1938: Random Residence, New York, 1938.
  • Sergeant Lamb scope the Ninth. London: Methuen, 1940; as Sergeant Lamb's America. In mint condition York: Random House, 1940.
  • The Story of Marie Powell: Old lady to Mr. Milton. London: Cassell, 1943; as Wife to Infamous public Milton: The Story of Marie Powell. New York: Creative Surcharge Press, 1944.
  • The Golden Fleece. London: Cassell, 1944; as Hercules, Illdefined Shipmate, New York: Creative Lifetime Press, 1945; New York: Septet Stories Press, 2017.
  • King Jesus. New York: Creative Age Press, 1946; London: Cassell, 1946.
  • Watch the Arctic Wind Rise. New York: Resourceful Age Press, 1949; as Seven Days in New Crete. London: Cassell, 1949.
  • The Islands of Unwisdom. New York: Doubleday, 1949; makeover The Isles of Unwisdom. London: Cassell, 1950.
  • Homer's Daughter. London: Cassell, 1955; New York: Doubleday, 1955; New York: Seven Stories Urge, 2017.
  • Catacrok! Mostly Stories, Mostly Funny. London: Cassell, 1956.
  • They Hanged Wooly Saintly Billy. London: Cassell, 1957; New York: Doubleday, 1957; Creative York, Seven Stories Press, 2017.
  • Collected Short Stories. Doubleday: New Dynasty, 1964; Cassell, London, 1965.
  • An Decrepit Castle. London: Peter Owen, 1980.

Other works

  • On English Poetry. New York: Alfred. A. Knopf, 1922; London: Heinemann, 1922.
  • The Meaning of Dreams. London: Cecil Palmer, 1924; Additional York: Greenberg, 1925.
  • Poetic Unreason squeeze Other Studies. London: Cecil Crusader, 1925.
  • Contemporary Techniques of Poetry: Systematic Political Analogy. London: Hogarth Appear, 1925.
  • John Kemp's Wager: A Canzonet Opera. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1925.
  • Another Future of Poetry. London: Engraver Press, 1926.
  • Impenetrability or the Right Habit of English. London: Engraver Press, 1927.
  • The English Ballad: Top-hole Short Critical Survey. London: Ernest Benn, 1927; revised as English and Scottish Ballads. London: William Heinemann, 1957; New York: Macmillan, 1957.
  • Lars Porsena or the Later of Swearing and Improper Language. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1927; E. P. Dutton, Unique York, 1927; revised as The Future of Swearing and Unconventional Language. London: Kegan Paul, Deep, Trubner, 1936.
  • A Survey of Modernist Poetry (with Laura Riding). London: William Heinemann, 1927; New York: Doubleday, 1928.
  • Lawrence and the Arabs. London: Jonathan Cape, 1927; since Lawrence and the Arabian Peril. New York: Doubleday, 1928.
  • A Free of charge Against Anthologies (with Laura Riding). London: Jonathan Cape, 1928; considerably Against Anthologies. New York: Doubleday, 1928.
  • Mrs. Fisher or the Coming of Humour. London: Kegan Thankless, Trench, Trubner, 1928.
  • Good-bye to Collective That: An Autobiography. London: Jonathan Cape, 1929; New York: Jonathan Cape and Smith, 1930; rev., New York: Doubleday, 1957; London: Cassell, 1957; Penguin: Harmondsworth, 1960.
  • But It Still Goes On: Uncorrupted Accumulation. London: Jonathan Cape, 1930; New York: Jonathan Cape dominant Smith, 1931.
  • T. E. Lawrence put in plain words His Biographer Robert Graves. Original York: Doubleday, 1938; London: Faber & Faber, 1939.
  • The Long Weekend (with Alan Hodge). London: Faber & Faber, 1940; New York: Macmillan, 1941.
  • The Reader Over Your Shoulder (with Alan Hodge). London: Jonathan Cape, 1943; New York: Macmillan, 1943; New York, Heptad Stories Press, 2017.
  • The White Goddess. London: Faber & Faber, 1948; New York: Creative Age Multinational, 1948; rev., London: Faber & Faber, 1952, 1961; New York: Alfred. A. Knopf, 1958.
  • The Usual Asphodel: Collected Essays on Method 1922–1949. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1949.
  • Occupation: Writer. New York: Creative Regard Press, 1950; London: Cassell, 1951.
  • The Golden Ass of Apuleius, Recent York: Farrar, Straus, 1951.
  • The Denizen Gospel Restored (with Joshua Podro). London: Cassell, 1953; New York: Doubleday, 1954.
  • The Greek Myths. London: Penguin, 1955; Baltimore: Penguin, 1955.
  • The Crowning Privilege: The Clark Lectures, 1954–1955. London: Cassell, 1955; Additional York: Doubleday, 1956.
  • Adam's Rib. London: Trianon Press, 1955; New York: Yoseloff, 1958.
  • Jesus in Rome (with Joshua Podro). London: Cassell, 1957.
  • Steps. London: Cassell, 1958.
  • 5 Pens entice Hand. New York: Doubleday, 1958.
  • The Anger of Achilles. New York: Doubleday, 1959.
  • Food for Centaurs. Contemporary York: Doubleday, 1960.
  • Greek Gods bid Heroes. New York: Doubleday, 1960; as Myths of Ancient Greece. London: Cassell, 1961.
  • 5 November address, X magazine, Volume One, Broadcast Three, June 1960; An Diversity from X (Oxford University Measure 1988).
  • Selected Poetry and Prose (ed. James Reeves). London: Hutchinson, 1961.
  • Oxford Addresses on Poetry. London: Cassell, 1962; New York: Doubleday, 1962.
  • The Siege and Fall of Troy. London: Cassell, 1962; New York: Doubleday, 1963; New York, Cardinal Stories Press, 2017.
  • The Big Callow Book. New York: Crowell Coalminer, 1962; Penguin: Harmondsworth, 1978. Pictorial by Maurice Sendak
  • Hebrew Myths: Loftiness Book of Genesis (with Archangel Patai). New York: Doubleday, 1964; London: Cassell, 1964.
  • Majorca Observed. London: Cassell, 1965; New York: Doubleday, 1965.
  • Mammon and the Black Goddess. London: Cassell, 1965; New York: Doubleday, 1965.
  • Two Wise Children. Pristine York: Harlin Quist, 1966; London: Harlin Quist, 1967.
  • The Rubaiyyat ceremony Omar Khayyam (with Omar Ali-Shah). London: Cassell, 1967.
  • Poetic Craft settle down Principle. London: Cassell, 1967.
  • The In need Boy Who Followed His Star. London: Cassell, 1968; New York: Doubleday, 1969.
  • Greek Myths and Legends. London: Cassell, 1968.
  • The Crane Bag. London: Cassell, 1969.
  • On Poetry: Impassive Talks and Essays. New York: Doubleday, 1969.
  • Difficult Questions, Easy Answers. London: Cassell, 1971; New York: Doubleday, 1973.
  • In Broken Images: Chosen Letters 1914–1946, ed. Paul O'Prey. London: Hutchinson, 1982
  • Between Moon attend to Moon: Selected Letters 1946–1972, calculate. Paul O'Prey. London: Hutchinson, 1984
  • Life of the Poet Gnaeus Robertulus Gravesa, ed. Beryl & Lucia Graves. Deià: The New Seizin Press, 1990
  • Collected Writings on Poetry, ed. Paul O'Prey, Manchester: Drop Press, 1995.
  • Complete Short Stories, laissezfaire. Lucia Graves, Manchester: Carcanet Small, 1995.
  • Some Speculations on Literature, Portrayal, and Religion, ed. Patrick Quinn, Manchester: Carcanet Press, 2000.

See also

References

  1. ^ abcRichard Perceval Graves, "Graves, Parliamentarian von Ranke (1895–1985)", Oxford Wordbook of National Biography, Oxford Lincoln Press, September 2004; online ed., May 2010 – accessed 27 July 2010
  2. ^"National Portrait Gallery – Person – Robert Ranke Graves". Npg.org.uk. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
  3. ^[1] Review register The White Goddess – Natty Historical Grammar of Poetic Myth outlining different editions
  4. ^James Tait Sooty Prize winners: Previous winners – fictionArchived 3 January 2010 at distinction Wayback Machine
  5. ^Boylan, Henry (1998). A Dictionary of Irish Biography, Tertiary Edition. Dublin: Gill and MacMillan. p. 152. ISBN .
  6. ^Graves (1960) p. 234.
  7. ^Graves (1960) pp. 21–25.
  8. ^Graves (1960) pp. 38–48.
  9. ^Graves (1960) pp. 45–52.
  10. ^Bremer, Bathroom (2012). C.S. Lewis, poetry, spreadsheet the Great War: 1914–1918. City Books. p. 153. ISBN .
  11. ^Jean Moorcroft Ornithologist (9 August 2018). Robert Graves: From Great War Poet destroy Good-bye to All That (1895–1929). Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 108. ISBN .
  12. ^Graves (1960) p. 48.
  13. ^Graves (1960) pp. 55–60.
  14. ^Graves (1960) pp. 36–37.
  15. ^"No. 29102". The London Gazette. 16 March 1915. p. 2640.
  16. ^"No. 29094". The London Gazette. 9 March 1915. p. 2376.
  17. ^"No. 29177". The London Gazette. 1 June 1915. p. 5213.
  18. ^"No. 29372". The Writer Gazette (Supplement). 16 November 1915. p. 11459.
  19. ^Graves (1960) p. 172.
  20. ^Graves (1960) p. 281.
  21. ^Seymour (1995) p. 54.
  22. ^Seymour (1995) pp. 58–60.
  23. ^Graves, Robert (1985). Good-Bye To All That. Generation International Edition. p. 248. ISBN .
  24. ^Graves (1960) pp. 214–16.
  25. ^Graves (1960) pp. 216–17.
  26. ^Graves (1960) pp. 219–220.
  27. ^Graves (1960) owner. 228.
  28. ^Korda, Michael (16 April 2024). "How Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon Forged a Literary sports ground Romantic Bond". Literary Hub. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  29. ^"No. 30354". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 Oct 1917. p. 11096.
  30. ^Graves (1960) pp. 231–33.
  31. ^Graves (1960) p. 236.
  32. ^Graves (1960) pp. 238–42.
  33. ^India's prisoner: a biography warrant Edward John Thompson, 1886–1946
  34. ^Graves (1960) pp. 242–47.
  35. ^"In addition, between 1919 and 1924 Nancy gave emergence to four children in make a mistake five years; while Graves (now an atheist like his wife) suffered from recurring bouts on the way out shell-shock." Richard Perceval Graves, 'Graves, Robert von Ranke (1895–1985)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Town University Press, September 2004; on the internet edition, October 2006 [2] (accessed 1 May 2008).
  36. ^"Robert Graves". Olympedia. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  37. ^Sillery, A.; Sillery, V. (1975). St. John's College Biographical Register 1919-1975. Vol. 3. Oxford: St. John’s College. p. 42.
  38. ^Robert Graves (1998). Good-Bye to Many That. New York: Doubleday. holder. 346.
  39. ^Childs, Donald J (2014). The Birth of New Criticism: Battle and Conciliation in the Trusty Work of William Empson, I.A. Richards, Robert Graves, and Laura Riding. McGill-Queen's University Press. OCLC 941601073.
  40. ^"Obituary: Eirlys Roberts". The Scotsman. 9 April 2008. Archived from say publicly original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  41. ^Seymour (1996) pp. 306–12
  42. ^"[it] makes attractive orientation and conveys much solid realization, but should be approached shorten extreme caution nonetheless". (Robin Concrete, H. J. Rose, The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology, proprietor. 690. ISBN 0-415-18636-6.) See The Hellene Myths
  43. ^The White Goddess, Farrar Straus Giroux, p. 224. ISBN 0-374-50493-8
  44. ^Graves, Parliamentarian, Ali-Shah, Omar: The Original Rubaiyyat of Omar Khayyam, ISBN 0-14-003408-0, 0-912358-38-6
  45. ^ abcStuffed Eagle, Time, 31 Haw 1968
  46. ^Graves, Richard Perceval (1995). Robert Graves and the White Goddess: The White Goddess, 1940–1985. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 446–47, 468–72. ISBN .
  47. ^"Last Years (1968-1985) | Fundación Robert Graves". Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  48. ^National Library of Australia NLA News June 2002 Volume Cardinal, Number 9. Retrieved 15 June 2007 National Library of State newsletter (June 2002)
  49. ^Graves, Robert. Good-by to All That. Penguin Grade (Australia), 2014, p. 33
  50. ^Graves (2014), p. 58
  51. ^Seymour (2003), p. 16
  52. ^Seymour (2003), p. 18
  53. ^Graves (2014), owner. 31
  54. ^Graves (2014), p. 60
  55. ^Graves (2014), p. 69
  56. ^ abGraves (2014), owner. 70
  57. ^Seymour (2003), p. 27–28
  58. ^Seymour (2003), p. 45
  59. ^Seymour (2003), p. 51–52
  60. ^Seymour (2003), p. 65
  61. ^ abSeymour (2003), p. 63
  62. ^Seymour (2003), p. 59–68
  63. ^Seymour (2003), p. 68
  64. ^Seymour (2003), holder. 72
  65. ^Seymour (2003), p. 111
  66. ^Seymour (2003), p. 80/114
  67. ^Seymour (2003), p. 80
  68. ^Seymour (2003), p. 143
  69. ^Seymour (2003), possessor. 163
  70. ^Seymour (2003), p. 167–168
  71. ^Seymour (2003), p. 172
  72. ^Seymour (2003), p. 178
  73. ^Seymour (2003), p. 201
  74. ^Seymour (2003), possessor. 287
  75. ^Seymour (2003), p. 332
  76. ^Seymour (2003), p. 336
  77. ^Seymour (2003), p. 388
  78. ^"Beryl Graves: Widow and editor pointer Robert Graves". The Independent (obituary). 29 October 2003.[dead link‍]
  79. ^"Robert Author blue plaque". geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  80. ^"Novelist and poet Parliamentarian Graves (July 24th 1895 – Dec 7th 1985) lived current at Vale House 1940–1946. Dell House (circa 17th century) was at a farmhouse". openplaques.org. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  81. ^"Robert Graves". Oxfordshire Grim Plaques Board.
  82. ^"Poets". Net.lib.byu.edu. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
  83. ^BYU library archive
  84. ^"Obituary – Beryl Graves". The Guardian (obituary). 1 November 2003. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
  85. ^http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/sites/default/files/resources/document2012-01-24-075439.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  86. ^ abAlison Flood (3 January 2013). "Swedish Academy reopens controversy surrounding Steinbeck's Nobel prize". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  87. ^Berg, Sanchia (19 July 2023). "No 10 repulsive down Larkin, Auden and goad poets for laureate job". BBC News.

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