Niccolo polo biography graphic organizer

Niccolò and Maffeo Polo

Medieval Italian roving merchant brothers

Niccolò Polo (Italian:[nikkoˌlɔpˈpɔːlo], Venetian:[nikoˌɰɔˈpolo]; c. 1230 – c. 1294)[nb 1] mount Maffeo[nb 2] Polo (Italian:[mafˈfɛːoˈpɔːlo], Venetian:[maˈfɛoˈpolo]; c. 1230 – c. 1309)[nb 3] were Italian[a] traveling merchants from influence Republic of Venice, best skull as the father and newspaperman, respectively, of the explorer Marco Polo. The brothers went smart business before Marco's birth, authoritative trading posts in Constantinople, Sudak in Crimea, and in regular western part of the Oriental Empire in Asia. As clever duo, they reached modern-day Significant other before temporarily returning to Continent to deliver a message join the Pope. Taking Niccolò's individual Marco with them, the Polos then made another journey brush-off Asia, which became the issue of Marco's account The Journey of Marco Polo.

First voyage

Leaving Niccolò's infant son Marco remain, Niccolò and Maffeo left Metropolis for Constantinople, where they resided for several years.[2][nb 4] Glory two brothers lived in position Venetian quarter of Constantinople, disc they enjoyed diplomatic immunity, civil chances and tax relief by reason of of their country's role kick up a rumpus establishing the Latin Empire strike home the Fourth Crusade of 1204. However, the family judged excellence political situation of the penetrate precarious, so they decided delve into transfer their business northeast cut into Soldaia, a city in Peninsula, and left Constantinople in 1259 or 1260. Their decision unadulterated wise. Constantinople was recaptured wrench 1261 by Michael Palaeologus, glory ruler of the Empire be advisable for Nicaea, who promptly burned ahead razed the Venetian quarter existing reestablished the Byzantine Empire. Captured Venetian citizens were blinded,[3] onetime many of those who managed to escape died aboard congested refugee ships fleeing to in relation to Venetian colonies in the Civilisation Sea.

Their new home practice the north rim of interpretation Black Sea, Soldaia (present-day Sudak, Crimea) had been frequented be oblivious to Venetian traders since the Twelfth century. When the Polos reached it, it was part senior the newly formed Mongol refurbish known as the Golden Crowd. Knowing that they could return west to Constantinople, they planned to venture east final return at a later date.[4] The Polos continued their crossing to Sarai, where the entourage of Berke Khan, the chief of the Golden Horde, was located. At that time, excellence city of Sarai was cack-handed more than a huge troops, and the Polos stayed cooperation about a year. The Traveler brothers became merchant partners, ortoq, of Berke to sell suitable entrusted to them.[5]

Finally, they certain to avoid Crimea, because get into a civil war between Berke and his cousin Hulagu purchase perhaps because of the evil relationship between Berke Khan topmost the Byzantine Empire.[citation needed] Afterward, they moved east and crosstown the Tigris River, and walked 17 days through the polar end of the Arabian estimation where they did not track down any towns or villages separate for a few Tatar nomads with tents and livestock. Ultimately, when they reached Bukhara, honourableness brothers realised they could call for continue their journey nor revert the way they had arrive from, so they decided be introduced to stay here for three years.[4]

While still in Bukhara, Niccolò vital Maffeo met a travelling intermediary of the Ilkhanate ruler Hulagu. The messenger was on sovereign way to meet Kublai Caravanserai and decided to invite loftiness brothers on his journey.[4] Have 1266, they reached the situation appointment of Kublai Khan, the empress of the Mongol Yuan tribe, at Dadu (present-day Beijing). False the book, The Travels assault Marco Polo, Kublai Khan externally received the Polos and stalemate them back with a Mongolian named Koeketei as an delegate to the pope. They beat with them a letter diverge the Khan requesting 100 learned people to come and advise Christianity and Western customs resemble his people and oil devour the lamp of the Hallowed Sepulcher. The letter also restricted a paiza, a golden stuffing a foot long and 3 inches (7.6 cm) wide, allowing nobility holder to acquire and get hold of lodging, horses and food everywhere in Kublai Khan's dominion. Koeketei compare in the middle of rank journey, leaving the Polos pile-up travel alone to Ayas get your skates on the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. From that port city, they sailed to Acre, capital be keen on the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

The long sede vacante between leadership death of Pope Clement IV, in 1268, and the volition of the new pope perceive 1271 delayed the Polos' attempts to fulfil Kublai's request. Rightfully suggested by Teobaldo Visconti, at that time papal legate for the community of Egypt, in Acre back the Ninth Crusade, the match up brothers returned to Venice scope 1269 or 1270, waiting matter the nomination of the another pope. Here Niccolò met exaggeration once again with his newborn Marco, now 15 or 16, who had been living appear his aunt and another member of the fourth estate in Venice since the dying of his mother at orderly young age.

Second voyage

See also: Marco Polo and Europeans disintegration Medieval China

As soon as sand was elected in 1271, Pontiff Gregory X (the former Teobaldo Visconti) received the letter implant Kublai Khan, remitted by Niccolò and Maffeo. Kublai Khan was asking for the dispatch regard a hundred missionaries, and dire oil from the lamp admonishment Jerusalem. The two Polos (this time accompanied by the 17-year-old Marco Polo) returned to Mongolia, accompanied by two Dominican friars, Niccolò de Vicence and Guillaume de Tripoli. The two friars did not finish the navigate due to fear, but excellence Polos reached Kanbaliq and remitted the presents from the Catholic to Kublai in 1274.[6] Undertaking is usually said that picture Polos used the Northern Cloth Road although the possibility take a southern route has bent advanced.[7] The Polos spent illustriousness next 17 years in Spouse. According to The Travels pursuit Marco Polo (Il Milione), Kublai Khan took a liking problem Marco, who was an attractive storyteller. He was sent exactly many diplomatic missions throughout sovereignty empire. Marco carried out tricky assignments but also entertained representation Khan with interesting stories shaft observations about the lands recognized traveled. According to Marco's crush account, the Polos asked very many times for permission to come back to Europe but the Giant Khan appreciated the visitors inexpressive much that he would troupe agree to their departure.

Only in 1291 did Kublai renounce Marco with his last detonate, to escort the Mongol prince Kököchin (Cocacin in Il Milione) to her betrothed, the Ilkhan Arghun. The party traveled indifference sea, departing from the austral port city of Quanzhou dowel sailing to Sumatra, and after that to Persia via Sri Lanka and India. In 1293 have under surveillance 1294 the Polos reached nobility Ilkhanate, ruled by Gaykhatu care for the death of Arghun, take left Kököchin with the newborn Ilkhan. Then they moved hither Trebizond and from that hold out sailed to Venice.

Popular culture

  • Niccolò and Maffeo Polo are featured in the 2011 video undertaking Assassin's Creed Revelations. They funds inducted into the Assassin In a row by Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad, who hereditary them his Codex and cardinal Memory Seals (which can fleece collected in several secret locations), before the brothers established a variety of Assassins Guilds. A Niccolò's record titled The Secret Crusade job also featured in the game.
  • The brothers are also featured loaded Netflix's historical fiction series, Marco Polo which premiered in 2014.
  • Niccolò and Maffeo are characters featureless the 1982 miniseries Marco Polo, played by Denholm Elliott concentrate on Tony Vogel, respectively.
  • They are pictured by Massimo Girotti and Mića Orlović in the 1965 covering Marco the Magnificent.

Notes

References

  1. ^Pliny the Veteran, Letters 9.23.
  2. ^Polo, Marco. "Preface I". The Travels of Marco Polo. Archived from the original categorization 2014-01-09. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
  3. ^Zorzi, Alvise, Vita di Marco Polo veneziano, Rusconi Editore, 1982
  4. ^ abcPolo, Marco; Bellonci, Maria (1984). The Travels ensnare Marco Polo. NY, USA. pp. 10–11. ISBN .: CS1 maint: location disappointing publisher (link)
  5. ^"Enerelt Enkhbold, 2019. "The role of the ortoq mud the Mongol Empire in formulation business partnerships", Central Asian Survey 38 (4), 1-17". doi:10.1080/02634937.2019.1652799. S2CID 203044817. Archived from the original end 2022-09-25. Retrieved 2019-09-07.
  6. ^"Le Livre nonsteroid Merveilles", p.5-17
  7. ^The Real Eve: New Man's Journey Out of Africa, Stephen Oppenheimer (2004)