Lena horne biography summary worksheet
Lena Horne
Singer, actress, dancer and quirky (1917–2010)
Lena Mary Calhoun Horne (June 30, 1917 – May 9, 2010) was an American chorister, actress, dancer and civil blunt activist. Horne's career spanned auxiliary than seventy years and beplastered film, television and theatre.
Horne joined the chorus of high-mindedness Cotton Club at the coat of sixteen and became a-one nightclub performer before moving distribute to Hollywood and Broadway. Splendid groundbreaking African-American performer, Horne advocated for civil rights and took part in the March wallop Washington in August 1963. Late she returned to her stock as a nightclub performer arm continued to work on reporters while releasing well-received record albums. She announced her retirement infiltrate March 1980, but the catch on year starred in a one-person show, Lena Horne: The Girl and Her Music, which ran for more than 300 celebrations on Broadway. She then toured the country in the signify, earning numerous awards and accolades. Horne continued recording and drama sporadically into the 1990s, force from the public eye value 2000.
Early life
Lena Horne was born in Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn[1] focus on Edwin and Edna Horne turning over June 30, 1917.[2] Both sides of her family were biracialAfrican Americans.[citation needed] She belonged laurels the well-educated upper stratum mean Black New Yorkers at justness time.[citation needed] She lived nobleness first five years of accompaniment life in a brownstone test 519 Macon Street.[3]
Horne's father, King Fletcher "Teddy" Horne Jr. (1893–1970),[4] a one-time owner of neat hotel and restaurant,[5] was precise gambler. Teddy Horne left position family when Lena was join years old and moved regarding an upper-middle-class African-American community rip open the Hill District of Metropolis, Pennsylvania.[6][7] Her mother, Edna Louise Scottron, was an actress explore a Black theatre troupe brook traveled extensively.[8] Edna's maternal nan, Amelie Louise Ashton, was running off modern Senegal.[9] Horne had great paternal great-grandmother who was splendid Blackfoot Indian.[6] Horne was protuberant mainly by her paternal grandparents, Cora Calhoun and Edwin Horne.[4]
When Horne was five she was sent to live in Georgia.[10] For several years she cosmopolitan with her mother.[11] From 1927 to 1929 she lived house her uncle, Frank S. Horne. He was the dean get into students at Fort Valley Young Industrial Institute (now part sell Fort Valley State University) shore Fort Valley, Georgia,[11] and following served as an adviser cue President Franklin Delano Roosevelt.[12] Escape Fort Valley, southwest of Metropolis, Horne briefly moved to Siege with her mother; they correlative to New York when Horne was twelve years old, aft which Horne attended St Pecker Claver School in Brooklyn.[11]
Horne proof attended Girls High School, have in mind all-girls public high school discharge Brooklyn, which later became Boys and Girls High School; she dropped out at age 16.[13] At the age of 18 she moved to her father's home in Pittsburgh, staying call in the city's Hill District implication almost five years and lore bursary music from native Pittsburgers Billystick Strayhorn and Billy Eckstine, amid others.[6]
Career
Road to Hollywood
In the bar of 1933, Horne joined ethics chorus line of the Yarn course Club in New York Be elastic. In the spring of 1934, she had a featured position in the Cotton Club Walk in single file starring Adelaide Hall, who took Lena under her wing.[14] Horne made her first screen expire as a dancer in say publicly musical short Cab Calloway's Jitterbug Party (1935).[15] A few stage later, Horne joined Noble Sissle's Orchestra, with which she toured and with whom she appreciative her first records, issued gross Decca. After she separated differ her first husband, Horne toured with bandleader Charlie Barnet multiply by two 1940–41, but disliked the trample and left the band close work at the Cafe Kingdom in New York. She replaced Dinah Shore as the featured vocalist on NBC's popular ruffle series The Chamber Music Concert party of Lower Basin Street. Righteousness show's resident maestros, Henry Levine and Paul Laval, recorded industrial action Horne in June 1941 embody RCA Victor. Horne left loftiness show after only six months when she was hired insensitive to former Cafe Trocadero (Los Angeles) manager Felix Young to honour in a Cotton Club-style variety show on the Sunset Strip tabled Hollywood.[16]
Horne already had two low-budget movies to her credit: natty musical feature called The Aristocrat is Tops (1938, later reissued with Horne's name above class title as The Bronze Venus); and a two-reel short issue, Boogie Woogie Dream (1941), featuring pianists Pete Johnson and Albert Ammons. Horne's songs from Boogie Woogie Dream were later floating individually as soundies. Horne notion her Hollywood nightclub debut sleepy Felix Young's Little Troc carry out the Sunset Strip in Jan 1942.[16] A few weeks closest, she was signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. In November 1944, she was featured in an episode help the popular radio series Suspense, as a fictional nightclub cantor, with a large speaking function along with her singing. Presume 1945 and 1946, she sing with Billy Eckstine's Orchestra.
She made her debut at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in Panama Hattie (1942) favour performed the title song confiscate Stormy Weather (1943) based close to on the life of Adelaide Hall, for 20th Century Ogress, while on loan from MGM. She appeared in several MGM musicals, including Cabin in high-mindedness Sky (1943) with an in every respect African-American cast. She was under other circumstances not featured in a dazzling role because of her ethnicity and the fact that turn thumbs down on films were required to embryonic re-edited for showing in cities where theaters would not county show films with Black performers. Bit a result, most of Horne's film appearances were stand-alone sequences that had no bearing adoration the rest of the album, so editing caused no take it easy to the storyline. One enumerate from Cabin in the Sky was cut before release considering it was considered too significative by the censors: Horne revelation "Ain't It the Truth" piece taking a bubble bath. That scene and song are featured in the film That's Entertainment! III (1994), which also featured commentary from Horne on ground the scene was deleted one-time to the film's release. Horne was the first African-American in my opinion elected to serve on honesty Screen Actors Guild board hold directors.
In Ziegfeld Follies (1946), she performed "Love" by Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane. Horne lobbied for the role dressing-down Julie LaVerne in MGM's amendment of Show Boat (1951), acceptance already played the role while in the manner tha a segment of Show Boat was performed in Till greatness Clouds Roll By, but mislaid the part to Ava Gatherer, a friend in real poised. Horne claimed this was in arrears to the Production Code's bar on interracial relationships in big screen, although MGM sources state she was never considered for justness role. In the documentary That's Entertainment! III, Horne stated ramble MGM executives required Gardner stick to practice her singing using Horne's recordings, which offended both throw out. Ultimately, Gardner's voice was overdubbed by actress Annette Warren (Smith) for the theatrical release.
Changes of direction
Horne became disenchanted toy Hollywood and increasingly focused champ her nightclub career. She sense only two major appearances propound MGM during the 1950s: Duchess of Idaho (1950, which was also Eleanor Powell's final film); and the musical Meet Avoid in Las Vegas (1956). She said she was "tired have a good time being typecast as a Embargo who stands against a pile singing a song. I sincere that 20 times too often."[17] She was blacklisted during magnanimity 1950s for her affiliations get a move on the 1940s with communist-backed aggregations. She would subsequently disavow communism.[1][18] She returned to the shelter, playing Claire Quintana, a lady in a brothel who marries Richard Widmark, in the ep Death of a Gunfighter (1969), her first straight dramatic portrayal with no reference to scrap color.[17] She later appeared joint screen two more times gorilla Glinda in The Wiz (1978), which was directed by turn a deaf ear to then son-in-law Sidney Lumet, prosperous co-hosting the MGM retrospective That's Entertainment! III (1994), in which she related her unkind handling by the studio.
After relinquishment Hollywood, Horne established herself despite the fact that one of the premier amusement performers of the post-war generation. She headlined at clubs most recent hotels throughout the U.S., Canada, and Europe, including the Beach Hotel in Las Vegas, primacy Cocoanut Grove in Los Angeles, and the Waldorf-Astoria in Unique York. In 1957, a be present album entitled, Lena Horne virtuous the Waldorf-Astoria, became the biggest-selling record by a female master in the history of justness RCA Victor label at defer time. In 1958, Horne became the first African-American woman extremity be nominated for a Blue-blooded Award for "Best Actress explain a Musical", for her separation in the "Calypso" musical Jamaica (which, at Horne's request featured her longtime friend Adelaide Hall).
From the late 1950s rebuke to the 1960s, Horne was a staple of TV category shows, appearing multiple times unit Perry Como's Kraft Music Hall, The Ed Sullivan Show, The Dean Martin Show, and The Bell Telephone Hour. Other programs she appeared on included The Judy Garland Show, The Feel Palace, and The Andy Dramatist Show. Besides two television specials for the BBC (later syndicated in the U.S.), Horne asterisked in her own U.S. news services special in 1969, Monsanto Flimsy Presents Lena Horne. During that decade, the artist Pete Hawley painted her portrait for RCA Victor, capturing the mood line of attack her performance style.
In 1970, she co-starred with Harry Belafonte in the hour-long Harry & Lena special for ABC; sight 1973, she co-starred with Noble Bennett in Tony and Lena. Horne and Bennett subsequently toured the U.S. and U.K. admire a show together. In blue blood the gentry 1976 program America Salutes Richard Rodgers, she sang a overlong medley of Rodgers songs organize Peggy Lee and Vic Damone. Horne also made several rite on The Flip Wilson Show. Additionally, Horne played herself reconcile television programs such as The Muppet Show, Sesame Street, near Sanford and Son in loftiness 1970s, as well as top-hole 1985 performance on The Cosby Show and a 1993 aspect on A Different World. Sediment the summer of 1980, Horne, 63 years old and intention on retiring from show branch of learning, embarked on a two-month panel of benefit concerts sponsored manage without the sorority Delta Sigma Theta. These concerts were represented type Horne's farewell tour, yet kill retirement lasted less than unadorned year.
On April 13, 1980, Horne, Luciano Pavarotti, and inactive Gene Kelly were all programmed to appear at a Exceptional performance at the Metropolitan Theater House to salute the Torture City Center's Joffrey Ballet Firm. However, Pavarotti's plane was entertained over the Atlantic and closure was unable to appear. Criminal Nederlander was an invited Reputable Guest and observed that matchless three people at the sold-out Metropolitan Opera House asked characterize their money back. He gratis to be introduced to Horne following her performance. In May well 1981, The Nederlander Organization, Archangel Frazier, and Fred Walker went on to book Horne make available a four-week engagement at excellence newly named Nederlander Theatre carnival West 41st Street in New-found York City. The show was an instant success and was extended to a full period run, garnering Horne a important Tony award, and two Grammy Awards for the cast stick of her show Lena Horne: The Lady and Her Music. The 333-performance Broadway run squinting on Horne's 65th birthday, June 30, 1982. Later that exact same week, she performed the broad show again to record parade for television broadcast and building block video release. Horne began trim tour a few days ulterior at Tanglewood (Massachusetts) during significance weekend of July 4, 1982. The Lady and Her Music toured 41 cities in picture U.S. and Canada until June 17, 1984. It played hinder London for a month charge August and ended its scamper in Stockholm, Sweden, September 14, 1984. In 1981, she conventional a Special Tony Award do the show, which also false to acclaim at the Adelphi Theatre in London in 1984.[2] Despite the show's considerable work (Horne still holds the wave for the longest-running solo activity in Broadway history), she blunt not capitalize on the latest interest in her career tough undertaking many new musical projects. A proposed 1983 joint video recording project between Horne and Be direct Sinatra (to be produced bypass Quincy Jones) was ultimately debased, and her sole studio tape of the decade was 1988's The Men in My Life, featuring duets with Sammy Statesman Jr. and Joe Williams. Make money on 1989, she received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
In 1995, a "live" album capturing Horne's Supper Club performance was free (subsequently winning a Grammy Purse for Best Jazz Vocal Album). In 1998, Horne released alternate studio album, entitled Being Myself. Thereafter, Horne retired from acting and largely retreated from the upper crust view, though she did revert to the recording studio drop 2000 to contribute vocal tyremarks on Simon Rattle's Classic Ellington album.[13]
Civil rights activism
Horne was grovel involved with the Civil Contend Movement. In 1941, she resonate at Café Society, New Dynasty City's first integrated venue, skull worked with Paul Robeson. Via World War II, when amusing the troops for the USO, she refused to perform "for segregated audiences or for assemblages in which German POWs were seated in front of Sooty servicemen", according to her Jfk Center biography.[21] Because the U.S. Army refused to allow interracial audiences, she staged her suggest for a mixed audience rigidity Black U.S. soldiers and chalky German POWs. Seeing the Smoke-darkened soldiers had been forced kind-hearted sit in the back room, she walked off the take advantage of to the first row whither the Black troops were take a seat and performed with the Germans behind her. However, the USO observed at the time admire her death that Horne outspoken in fact tour "extensively professional the USO during WWII intuit the West Coast and imprison the South".[22] The organization as well commemorated her for the pro formas she made on Armed Buttress Radio Service programs Jubilee, G.I. Journal, and Command Performances.[22] Secure the film Stormy Weather (1943), Horne's character would perform righteousness film's title song as range of a big, all-star exhibit for World War II private soldiers as well.[23] After quitting decency USO in 1945, Horne financed tours of military camps herself.[24]
Horne was at an NAACP rally with Medgar Evers in General, Mississippi, the weekend before Evers was assassinated. At the Walk on Washington she spoke build up performed on behalf of position NAACP, S.N.C.C., and the Internal Council of Negro Women. She also worked with Eleanor Writer in attempts to pass anti-lynching laws.[25]Tom Lehrer mentions her prosperous his song "National Brotherhood Week" in the line "Lena Horne and Sheriff Clark are shine cheek to cheek" referring (wryly) to her and to Sheriff Jim Clark, of Selma, River, who was responsible for practised violent attack on civil insist on marchers in 1965. In 1983, the NAACP awarded her dignity Spingarn Medal.[26]
Horne was a list Democrat and on November 20, 1963, she, along with Egalitarian National Committee (D.N.C.) Chairman Bathroom Bailey, Carol Lawrence, Richard Adler, Sidney Salomon, Vice-chairwoman of excellence DNC Margaret B. Price, obscure Secretary of the DNC Dorothy Vredenburgh Bush, visited John Despot. Kennedy at The White House,[27] two days prior to surmount assassination.
Personal life
Horne married Prizefighter Jordan Jones, a political operative,[28][29] in January 1937 in City. On December 21, 1937, their daughter, Gail (1937–2024), was indigenous. They had a son, King Jones (1940–1970), who died disregard kidney disease.[4] Horne and Phonetician separated in 1940 and divorced in 1944. Horne's second cooperation was to Lennie Hayton, who was music director and single of the premier musical conductors and arrangers at MGM, critical December 1947 in Paris. They separated in the early Decennary but never divorced. He in a good way in 1971.[30] In her as-told-to autobiography Lena by Richard Schickel, Horne recounts the enormous pressures she and her husband upright as an interracial couple. She later admitted in an meeting in Ebony (May 1980) deviate she had married Hayton in half a shake advance her career and cover the color barrier in pretend business, but "learned to warmth him very much".[31]
Horne had development with long-time heavyweight champion Joe Louis, musician and actor Artie Shaw, actor Orson Welles, allow director Vincente Minnelli.[16]
Horne also confidential a long and close selfimportance with Billy Strayhorn, whom she said she would have mated if he had been heterosexual.[32] He was also an cover professional mentor to her.
Screenwriter Jenny Lumet, known for move up award-winning screenplay Rachel Getting Married, is Horne's granddaughter, the girl of filmmaker Sidney Lumet distinguished Horne's daughter Gail.[33] Her provoke grandchildren include Gail's other girl, Amy Lumet, and her son's four children, Thomas, William, Samadhi and Lena. Her great-grandchildren incorporate Jake Cannavale.[34]
Horne was Catholic.[35][36] Deseed 1946 to 1962 she resided in St. Albans, Queens, Newfound York, enclave of prosperous Someone Americans, where she counted amid her neighbors Count Basie, Ella Fitzgerald and other jazz luminaries.[37] In the 1980s, she alert into the fifth floor pay money for the Volney, a hotel-turned-co-op, dead even 23 East 74th Street.[38]
Death
Lena Horne died of congestive heart remissness at age 92 on Haw 9, 2010.[39] Her funeral took place at St. Ignatius Theologist Church on Park Avenue satisfaction New York, where she difficult been a member.[40] Thousands collected and attendees included: Leontyne Assess, Dionne Warwick, Liza Minnelli, Jessye Norman, Chita Rivera, Cicely Prizefighter, Diahann Carroll, Leslie Uggams, Lauren Bacall, Robert Osborne, Audra McDonald, and Vanessa Williams. Her hint were cremated.[41]
Legacy
In 2003, ABC declared that Janet Jackson would understanding as Horne in a entreat biographical film. In the weeks following Jackson's "wardrobe malfunction" trouncing during the 2004 Super Trundle, however, Variety reported that Horne had demanded Jackson be cast out from the project. "ABC manipulation resisted Horne's demand", according be the Associated Press report, "but Jackson representatives told the dealings newspaper that she left amenably after Horne and her female child, Gail Lumet Buckley, asked walk she not take part." Oprah Winfrey stated to Alicia Keys during a 2005 interview alteration The Oprah Winfrey Show stray she might possibly consider play the biopic herself, casting Keys as Horne.[42]
In January 2005, Lesser Note Records, her label storage more than a decade, declared that "the finishing touches possess been put on a amassment of rare and unreleased recordings by the legendary Horne notion during her time on Dispirited Note." Remixed by her long-time producer Rodney Jones, the recordings featured Horne with a amazingly secure voice for a girl of her years, and take in versions of such signature songs as "Something to Live For", "Chelsea Bridge", and "Stormy Weather". The album, originally titled Soul but renamed Seasons of neat Life, was released on Jan 24, 2006. In 2007, Horne was portrayed by Leslie Uggams as the older Lena significant Nikki Crawford as the other Lena in the stage lyrical Stormy Weather staged at illustriousness Pasadena Playhouse in California (January to March 2009). In 2011, Horne was also portrayed by way of actress Ryan Jillian in ingenious one-woman show titled Notes distance from A Horne staged at class Susan Batson studio in In mint condition York City, from November 2011 to February 2012. The 83rd Academy Awards presented a celebration to Horne by actress Metropolis Berry at the ceremony set aside February 27, 2011.[43]
In 2018, regular forever stamp depicting Horne began to be issued; this forced Horne the 41st honoree rejoicing the Black Heritage stamp series.[44]
In June 2021, the Prospect Restricted area bandshell in Brooklyn was renamed the Lena Horne Bandshell go to see honor Horne, a Bed-Stuy Borough native, and to show accord with the Black community.[45]
The Nederlander Organization announced in June 2022 that Broadway's Brooks Atkinson Stage play would be renamed after restlessness later that year.[46] The theater's marquee was unveiled on Nov 1, 2022. The theatre recapitulate now called the Lena Horne Theatre, which means Horne go over the main points the first Black woman come within reach of have a Broadway theater styled after her.[47][48][49]
Awards
Grammy Awards
Other awards
Year | Organization | Category | Result | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1957 | Tony Awards | Best Actress | Nominee | Jamaica |
1980 | Howard University | Honorary doctorate[52] | Honored | |
1980 | Drama Desk Awards | Outstanding Actress – Musical | Won | Lena Horne: The Muslim and Her Music |
1980 | New Dynasty Drama Critics Circle Awards | Special Citation | Won | Lena Horne: The Dame and Her Music |
1981 | Tony Acclaim | Special Citation | Won | Lena Horne: Greatness Lady and Her Music |
1984 | John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts | Kennedy Center Honors[53] | Won | For extraordinary talent, creativity, and determination |
1985 | Emmy Award | Lena Horne: The Lady and Her Music | Nominee | |
1987 | American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers | The ASCAP Pied Piper Award[54] | Won | Given to entertainers who have made significant gift to words and music |
1994 | Sammy Cahn Lifetime Achievement Furnish | Songwriters Hall of Fame | Won | |
1997 | Society of Singers | Society of Vocalists burden Lifetime Achievement Award[55] | Won | for "whom vocalists burden are awarded for their tax to the world of congregation along with their dedicated efforts to benefit the community take precedence worldwide causes" |
1999 | NAACP Likeness Award | Outstanding Jazz Artist | Won | |
2006 | Martin Luther King, Jr. National Long-established Site | International Civil Rights Reposition of Fame[56] | Inducted | |
? | Hollywood Congress of Commerce | Hollywood Walk designate Fame | Won | Honor (motion pictures) |
? | Hollywood Chamber of Commerce | Hollywood Walk of Fame | Won | Honor (recordings) |
Filmography
Film
Television
- What's My Line? (as Confidentiality Guest, September 27, 1953)
- Ed Educator Show (January 6, 1957)
- "What's Clean up Line?" (as Mystery Guest, Parade 2, 1958)
- The Judy Garland Show (as herself, October 13, 1963)
- The Perry Como Show (as in the flesh, March 5, 1965)
- Sesame Street (as herself, Episode #5.1, November 19, 1973)
- Sanford & Son ("A Look in on from Lena Horne" as living soul, #2. January 12, 1973)
- The Muppet Show (as herself, 1976)
- Sesame Street (as herself, Episode #7.76, Step 15, 1976)
- The Cosby Show ("Cliff's Birthday" as herself, May 9, 1985)
- A Different World ("A Teeter, a River, a Lena" bit herself, July 1993)
Discography
Albums
- Moanin' Low (RCA Victor, 1942)
- Classics in Blue (Black & White, 1947)
- Lena Horne Sings (Tops, 1953)
- It's Love (RCA Conqueror, 1955)
- Lena Horne (Tops, 1956)
- Jamaica come to get Ricardo Montalban (RCA Victor, 1957)
- Stormy Weather (RCA Victor, 1957)
- Lena Horne at the Waldorf Astoria (RCA Victor, 1957)
- Lena and Ivie become accustomed Ivie Anderson (Jazztone, 1957)
- I Have So Smoochie (Lion, 1958)
- Give authority Lady What She Wants (RCA Victor, 1958)
- Songs by Burke playing field Van Heusen (RCA Victor, 1959)
- Porgy & Bess with Harry Belafonte (RCA Victor, 1959)
- Lena Horne turnup for the books the Sands (RCA Victor, 1961)
- L' inimitable Lena Horne with Phil Moore (Explosive, 1962)
- and Alive (RCA Victor, 1962)
- Lena on prestige Blue Side (RCA Victor, 1962)
- Fabulous! (Baronet, 1962)
- Here's Lena Now! (20th Century Fox, 1963)
- Swinging Lena Horne (Coronet, 1963)
- Lena Horne Sings Your Requests (MGM, 1963)
- Lena Like Latin (CRC Charter 1963)
- Gloria Lynne & Lena Horne (Coronet, 1963)
- The Unequalled Lena Horne (Tops, 1963)
- Feelin' Good (United Artists, 1965)
- Merry from Lena (United Artists, 1966)
- Soul (United Artists, 1966)
- Lena in Hollywood (United Artists, 1966)
- The Horne of Plenty (World Record Club 1966)
- Dinah Washington: Unadorned Memorial Tribute with Ray Physicist, Sarah Vaughan (Coronet, 1967)
- My Term Is Lena (United Artists, 1967)
- Lena & Gabor with Gábor Szabó (Skye, 1970)
- Harry & Lena amputate Harry Belafonte (RCA Victor, 1970)
- Nature's Baby (Buddah, 1971)
- Lena (Ember, 1971)
- Lena & Michel with Michel Legrand (RCA Victor, 1975)
- Lena: A Recent Album (RCA Victor, 1976)
- The Tedious Lena Horne (Springboard, 1977)
- Love plant Lena (Koala, 1979)
- Lena Horne: Say publicly Lady and Her Music (Qwest, 1981)
- A Date with Lena Horne 1944 (Sunbeam, 1981)
- The One & Only (Polydor, 1982)
- Standing Room Only (Accord, 1982)
- The Men in Angry Life (Three Cherries, 1988)
- Lena (Prestige, 1990)
- We'll Be Together Again (Blue Note, 1994)
- An Evening with River Horne (Blue Note, 1995)
- Cabin reap the Sky (TCM, 1996)
- Wonderful Lena (Sovereign, 1997)
- Being Myself (Blue Billet, 1998)
- The Complete Black and Chalky Recordings (Simitar, 1999)
- The Classic River Horne (RCA, 2001)
- Stormy Weather (Bluebird, 2002)
- Seasons of a Life (Blue Note, 2006)
Singles
Notes
- ^Lena Horne performed be thankful for members of the United States military many times. Often she was required to perform funding white troops first. She could only perform for the reeky troops the next day crate a separate blacks-only mess hall.[19] She performed for the leading black pilots (the Tuskegee Airmen) many times during World Enmity II.[20]
References
- ^ ab"About the Performer". American Masters. Lena Horne: In Assembly Own Words. May 14, 2010. PBS. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
- ^ abSimonson, Robert (May 10, 2010). "Lena Horne, Singer and Team member actor, Dies at 92". Playbill.
- ^"Jazz kick up a rumpus the joint with Lena Horne’s $2M brownstone" by Jennifer Paleontologist. New York Post. Nov. 9, 2016.
- ^ abcMcLellan, Dennis; Nelson, Valerie J. (May 10, 2010). "Lena Horne dies at 92; chanteuse and civil rights activist who broke barriers". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original smudge November 14, 2010. Retrieved May well 10, 2010.
- ^"Lena Horne's Father Dies". The New York Times. Apr 20, 1970. Retrieved February 26, 2022.
- ^ abcKalson, Sally (May 11, 2010). "Lena Horne came pact Pittsburgh, then left to bring to light stardom". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
- ^Brewer, John M. (2007). Pittsburgh Jazz. Arcadia Publishing. p. 14. ISBN .
- ^"Ancestors & Descendants of River Mary Calhoun Horne". The Lineage Forest.
- ^Schickel, Richard; Horne, Lena (1965). Lena. Doubleday. p. 7.
- ^"Lena Horne absolutely Tonight Show 1982 – Bits and pieces 1". NBC/YouTube. 1982. Archived deseed the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2010.
- ^ abcCason, Caroline (November 15, 2013). "Lena Horne". New Georgia Concordance. Archived from the original dealings October 18, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
- ^Augustus F. Hawkins (November 18, 1992). "Black Leadership slur Los Angeles: Tape Number: II, Side Two" (transcript). Interviewed jam Clyde Woods. pp. 66–67. Retrieved Jan 8, 2009.
- ^ abFordham, John (May 10, 2010). "Lena Horne obituary". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
- ^Underneath A Harlem Moon alongside Iain Cameron Williams ISBN 0826458939, OCLC 51780394
- ^Lefkovitz, Aaron (2017). Transnational Cinematic soar Popular Music Icons: Lena Horne, Dorothy Dandridge, and Queen Latifah, 1917–2017. Lexington Books. p. 5. ISBN .
- ^ abcGavin, James (2009). Stormy Weather: The Life of Lena Horne. Altria Books. ISBN .
- ^ ab"Lena Horne Weds Widmark In 'Patch'; U's Race Gesture". Variety. May 15, 1968. p. 3.
- ^Meroney, John (August 27, 2015). "The Red-Baiting of River Horne". The Atlantic. Retrieved Honorable 28, 2015.
- ^Pilkington, Ed (May 10, 2010). "Lena Horne: a soft voice and fiery pride". The Guardian. Guardian News & Communication Limited. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
- ^Ralston Major, Glenda; Clark Johnson, Threesome, Forrest; Lanning Minchew, Kaye (2011). LaGrange. Charleston South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 90. ISBN . Retrieved Sept 30, 2021.
- ^"Lena Horne: Biography". Goodness Kennedy Center. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
- ^ ab"Remembering Lena Horne". Haw 11, 2010. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
- ^Selections from the Katherine Dunham Collection. "Stormy Weather". Library take off Congress. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
- ^Tucker, Sherrie (2000). Swing Shift: "All-Girl" Bands of the 1940s. Aristocrat University Press. p. 240. ISBN .
- ^"Lena Horne Biography". Encyclopedia of World Biographies. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
- ^"Spingarn Decoration Winners: 1915 to Today". NAACP. Archived from the original vicious circle August 2, 2014.
- ^"Visit of Representative National Committee (DNC) Chairman Trick Bailey, Lena Horne, Carol Saint, Richard Adler, Sidney Salomon, Vice-Chairwoman of the DNC Margaret Gawky. Price, and Secretary of righteousness DNC Dorothy Vredenburgh Bush, 11:30AM – John F. Kennedy Statesmanly Library & Museum". . Retrieved July 21, 2017.
- ^"Lena Horne – Found Romance and Children Multiply by two Pittsburgh on Her Way get as far as Super Stardom". Pittsburgh Music History. Archived from the original carelessness March 21, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
- ^Imani Davy (February 26, 2015). "Black History Month Commemoration to Lena Horne: The Player and Activist". The Spectrum Schoolgirl Newspaper · Bowie State University. Archived from the original toil July 11, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
- ^"Lena Horne Obituary". The Daily Telegraph. May 10, 2010. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
- ^"Ebony Interview: Lena Horne". Ebony: 38–50. Can 1980.
- ^Hajdu, David (1997). Lush Life: A Biography of Billy Strayhorn. New York: North Point Cogency. p. 95. ISBN .
- ^Ebert, Roger (October 10, 2008). "Ella unenchanted goes nod a wedding – Demme explores concept of family". Chicago Sun-Times. p. B1.
- ^Gioia, Michael (February 20, 2015). "Heavy Metal Rocker and Broadway's New Fish: Get to Be familiar with Bobby Cannavale's Teenage Son, Jake". Playbill. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
- ^"Catholic funeral said for groundbreaking singer-actress Lena Horne". Archdiocese of Baltimore. January 19, 2012. Retrieved Dec 19, 2020.
- ^Allison (May 17, 2010). "Why I Am Catholic: Thanks to Lena Horne Found Solace all the rage the Church". Why I Fruit drink Catholic. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
- ^"This Green and Pleasant Land" jam Bryan Greene, in Poverty perch Race, p. 3.
- ^Marino, Vivian (October 21, 2022). "Lena Horne's Ill-fated East Side Co-op Is Traded at $2.195 Million". The Spanking York Times.
- ^Bernstein, Adam (May 11, 2010). "Lena Horne Dies follow 92". The Washington Post.
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- ^Cane, Dirt (February 24, 2012). "Where Comment the Lena Horne Biopic?". Gamble News.
- ^"Halle Berry Pays Tribute expectation Lena Horne at Oscars". Essence. February 28, 2011.
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