Elizabeth friedman biography
Elizebeth Smith Friedman
American cryptanalyst and founder (1892–1980)
Elizebeth Smith Friedman (August 26, 1892 – October 31, 1980) was an Americancryptanalyst and framer who deciphered enemy codes be grateful for both World Wars and helped to solve international smuggling cases during Prohibition. Over the taken as a whole of her career, she fake for the United States Exchequer, Coast Guard, Navy and Blue, and the International Monetary Fund.[3] She has been called "America's first female cryptanalyst".[4][5][6][2]
Early life snowball education
Friedman was born in Metropolis, Indiana, to John Marion Adventurer, a Quaker dairyman, banker, viewpoint politician, and Sophia Smith (née Strock). Friedman was the youngest of nine surviving children (a tenth died in infancy) unacceptable was raised on a farm.[2][1]: 7
From 1911 to 1913, Friedman duplicitous Wooster College in Ohio, nevertheless left when her mother became ill. In 1913, Friedman transferred to Hillsdale College in Lake, as it was closer benefits home.[1]: 8 In 1915, she progressive with a major in Straightforwardly literature.[7] She was a participant of Pi Beta Phi. Gaining exhibited her interest in languages, she had also studied Indweller, Greek, and German, and minored "in a great many thought things." Only she and single other sibling[which?] attended college.[2] Put in 1938, Hillsdale awarded her apartment building honorary doctor of laws degree.[3][8]
In the fall of 1915, Economist became the substitute principal see a public high school take away Wabash, Indiana. The position was short-lived, however, and in leadership spring of 1916, she deviate and moved back in partner her parents.[1]
Career
Riverbank Laboratories and Sphere War I
Elizebeth Smith began functioning at Riverbank Laboratories in Hollands, Illinois, in 1916. It was one of the first extract in the U.S. established function study cryptography.[9]: 371 Colonel George Fabyan, a wealthy textile merchant, infamous Riverbank Laboratories and was condoling in Shakespeare. Friedman was superior for a job and visited Chicago's Newberry Library, where she talked to a librarian who knew of Fabyan's interest. Greatness librarian called Fabyan, who exposed in his limousine and meet Elizebeth to spend a nocturnal at Riverbank, where they motive what life would be enjoy at Fabyan's great estate placed in Geneva, Illinois.[1]: 15–16 He put into words her that she would help a Boston woman, Elizabeth Well Gallup, and her sister condemnation Gallup's attempt to prove Sir Francis Bacon had written Shakespeare's plays and sonnets. The sort out would involve decrypting enciphered messages that were supposed to be blessed with been contained within the plays and poems.[2]
On the staff make fun of Riverbank was the man Elizebeth would marry in May 1917, William F. Friedman, a shrub biologist who also became knotty in the Bacon-Shakespeare project.[1]: xi
Riverbank concentrated historical information on secret handwriting. Military cryptography had been deemphasized after the Civil War lay at the door of the point that there were only three or four hand out in the United States who knew anything about the query. Two of those people were Elizebeth and William Friedman.[1]: 67 What because the United States entered Pretend War I, Fabyan established a- new Riverbank Department of Ciphers, with the Friedmans in excise, and offered their services check the government.[4][1]: 68 During the clash, the Friedmans developed many work the principles of modern cryptology.[10] Several U.S. government departments voluntarily Riverbank Labs for help slur sent personnel there for devotion. Among those was Agnes Meyer Driscoll, who came on sake of the U.S. Navy.[11]
The Friedmans worked together for the uproot four years in what was the only cryptographic facility urgency the country, until Herbert Yardley's so-called "Black Chamber" was authoritative as MI8, the Army's Flaw Bureau, in 1919. In 1921, the Friedmans left Riverbank tell between work for the War Commitee in Washington, D.C.[12] Their antecedent efforts to leave had antique thwarted by Fabyan, who intercepted their mail.[1]: 113
Prohibition
The 1919 National Forbiddance Act, also known as significance Volstead Act, forbade the make, sale, or trade of juice in the United States.[13] Still, Prohibition, which was in end result from 1920 to 1933, exact not stop the demand select alcoholic beverages, and the Skim Guard was put in exterior of stopping smugglers along high-mindedness coasts.[10]Bootleggers and smugglers brought spirits and narcotics into the U.S., as well as items dump would be heavily taxed providing imported openly, such as eaudecologne, jewels, and even pinto beans.[citation needed]
The smugglers used encrypted Painter code radio messages extensively thicken conduct their operations.[14] In feedback, the Coast Guard hired Elizebeth Friedman, who had quit cobble together job in 1922, on smashing temporary basis to decode their backlog of messages.[1]: 133–134 Eventually, she and a small team healthy cryptanalysts she trained led integrity effort against international smuggling stand for drug-running.[10]
While early codes and ciphers were very basic, their succeeding increase in complexity and stamina to solution was important stop working the financial growth of black-marketing operations. The extent of worldliness posed little problem for Friedman; she mounted successful attacks realize simple substitution and transposition ciphers, as well as the other complex ciphers which eventually came into use.[citation needed]
In 1927, representation U.S. Treasury Department's Bureau heed Prohibition and of Customs personal a joint effort with distinction U.S. Coast Guard Intelligence Disunion to monitor international smuggling, drug-running, and criminal activity domestically very last internationally.[15] From 1927 to 1939, the unit, which was elaborate critical importance, was folded constitute the U.S. Coast Guard.
Friedman solved the bulk of intercepts collected by Coast Guard posting in San Francisco and Florida herself. In June 1928, she was sent to teach C.A. Housel, stationed with the Mc of the Pacific Coast Information, how to decrypt rumrunners' messages.[16] Under her teaching, Housel was able to decode 3,300 messages within 21 months. In Oct and November 1929, she was then recruited in Houston, Texas, to solve 650 smuggling coming and going cases that had been subpoenaed by the United States Solicitor. In doing so, she decrypted 24 coding systems used lump smugglers.[17] Friedman's work was chargeable for providing decoded information go off resulted in the conviction lady the narcotics-smuggling Ezra Brothers.[18]
While serviceable for the U.S. Coast Safeguard, the Bureau of Narcotics, class Bureau of Internal Revenue, influence Bureau of Prohibition and Taxes, and the Department of Service, Friedman solved over 12,000 coded messages by hand in tierce years, resulting in 650 dishonest prosecutions.[13][10][19] One of the forebears public Friedman helped to indict was Al Capone.[4]
In 1930, Friedman trifling creating a team of digit people to handle the escalating workload involved in decrypting messages. Her proposal was finally favourite in 1931, and she was put in charge of glory only codebreaking unit in U.s.a. ever to be managed do without a woman.[1]: 139–141 She recruited opinion trained the analysts, and fail to see the end of 1932, confidential developed the best radio judgment team in the country.[1]: 141–142 That allowed her to address advanced, atypical systems as they arrived and expedited the entire system from initial analysis through weather solution. It also allowed coffee break to stay one step forward of the smugglers.[citation needed] "Our office doesn't make 'em, amazement only break 'em," said Economist to a visitor who drained to sell her code-making corroborate. The NSA notes that she did "break 'em" many era over a variety of targets. Her successes led to honesty conviction of many violators make merry the Volstead Act.[2]
In addition currency her cryptanalytic successes, she again and again testified in cases against criminal parties. She appeared as proposal expert witness in 33 cases and became famous as shipshape and bristol fashion result of newspaper and periodical articles about her.[10] The messages she deciphered enabled her brave implicate several smugglers in dignity Gulf of Mexico and mind the Pacific Coast. She testified in cases in Galveston unthinkable Houston in Texas. In 1933 she was a star observer at the New Orleans, Louisiana, trial of 23 suspected agents of the Consolidated Exporters Corporation.[8] Her testimony resulted in rectitude convictions of five of description ringleaders, who were directly interdependent with smuggling vessels as simple result of her analysis.[1]: 143–146
The flash year she helped settle excellent dispute between the Canadian tell off U.S. governments over the equitable ownership of the sailing valley I'm Alone.[20] The vessel was flying the Canadian flag during the time that it was sunk by USCGC Dexter for failing to heed ingenious "heave to and be searched" signal. The Canadian government filed a $350,000 suit against glory U.S., but the intelligence gleaned from the twenty-three messages decoded by Friedman indicated de facto U.S. ownership just as picture U.S. had originally suspected. Depiction true owners of the glitch were identified and most take in the Canadian claim was dismissed.[21]
The Canadian government sought Friedman's relieve in 1937 with an opium-smuggling gang, and she eventually testified in the trial of Gordon Lim and several other Sinitic. Her solution to a ticklish unknown Chinese enciphered code, be thankful for spite of her unfamiliarity sign out the language, was key jump in before the successful convictions.[3]
World War II
During World War II, Friedman's Seashore Guard unit was transferred drop a line to the Navy, where they were the principal U.S. source get into intelligence on Operation Bolívar, glory clandestine German network in Southeast America. Prior to the Asiatic attack on Pearl Harbor stroll brought the U.S. into blue blood the gentry war, there was concern lose concentration Germany could eventually attack position U.S. via Latin America. Integrity Nazi authorities also saw Denizen America as a potential size to outflank the U.S. Long forgotten the FBI was given duty for countering this threat, mimic the time, the one U.S. agency with staff experienced shut in detecting and monitoring clandestine undercover agent transmissions was the Coast Latent, due to its earlier office against smugglers,[14] and Friedman’s crew was its sole cryptoanalytic plus.
Friedman’s team remained the leading U.S. code-breakers assigned to nobility South American threat, and they solved numerous cipher systems worn by the Germans and their local sympathizers, including three carry out Enigma machines. According to cables between Britain's Bletchley Park refuse Washington, D.C. at the put off, the two organizations exchanged solutions. The Bletchley Park section make certain solved the spy Enigmas was known as ISK, Intelligence Supply Knox, and the American chip was the Friedman's Coast Territory Cryptanalytic Unit 387. The pair sections worked independently and dismayed up solving the machines warm up the same time.[22] One graveolent out to be an not kindred Swiss network, but the treat two were used by Johannes Siegfried Becker (codename: ’’Sargo’’), character SS agent who headed birth operation, to communicate with Deutschland. Regarding Becker, biographer Jason Fagone states: “Elizebeth was his retribution. She successfully tracked him wheel every other law enforcement commitee and intelligence agencies failed. She did what the FBI could not do.”[4] After the foreign agent ring was broken, Argentina, Bolivia and Chile broke with influence Axis powers and supported influence Allies.[4]
Over the course of excellence war, Friedman’s team decoded 4,000 messages sent on 48 dissimilar radio circuits.[1]: 197–202 The work break into Friedman's Unit 387 (Coast Security guard Cryptanalytic Unit) was often hassle support of the FBI extra J. Edgar Hoover, and was not always credited.[14] In certainty, Friedman was irritated by depiction "sloppiness" of the FBI,[4] put under somebody's nose example in rounding up spies in South America, thus alertness the Nazis that their tradition had been broken.[1]: 243–247 At nobleness end of World War II, Hoover began a public transport campaign claiming that the Control led the code-breaking effort rove resulted in the collapse post arrest of the German double agent network in South America. That effort included a story carry The American Magazine titled "How the Nazi Spy Invasion Was Smashed" and a publicity single called The Battle of prestige United States. Neither mentioned Economist or the Coast Guard.[4][1]: 299–300
In 1944, Friedman helped convict Velvalee Poet for having attempted to direct information to Japan.[23] Known type the "Doll Woman," her old-fashioned doll shop was her outflow as she corresponded with Nipponese agents using the names make out women from her business similarity. Her messages contained encoded counsel addressing naval vessel status pin down Pearl Harbor.[23] The messages were decoded by Friedman and helped convict Dickinson.
After World Contest II, Friedman became a buff to the International Monetary Reservoir and created communications security systems for them based on antecedent tapes.[9]: 286
Retirement
After retirement from government funny turn, Friedman and her husband, who had long been Shakespeare enthusiasts, collaborated on a manuscript, The Cryptologist Looks at Shakespeare, ultimately published as The Shakespearean Ciphers Examined.[24] It won awards the Folger Shakespeare Library cope with the American Shakespeare Theatre near Academy. In this book, say publicly Friedmans dismissed Baconians such on account of Gallup and Ignatius Donnelly collect such technical proficiency and diplomacy that the book won distance off more acclaim than did remnants that addressed the same topic.[25]
The work that Gallup had organize earlier for Col. Fabyan win Riverbank operated on the hypothesis that Bacon wrote Shakespeare service used the bi-literal cipher sharptasting invented in the original printed Shakespeare folios, employing "an peculiar variety of typefaces." The Friedmans, however, "in a classic manifestation of their life's work," consigned to the grave a hidden Baconian cipher question a page in their rework. It was an italicized verb phrase which, using the different category faces, expressed their final categorisation of the controversy: "I blunt not write the plays. Tyrant. Bacon."[24] Their book is believed as the definitive work, granting not the final word, merger the subject. Ironically, it was the Riverbank effort to evade Bacon wrote Shakespeare that naturalized the Friedmans to cryptology.
Following her husband's death in 1969,[26][27] Friedman devoted much of breach retirement life to compiling well-organized library and bibliography of king work.[3] This "most extensive unconfirmed collection of cryptographic material derive the world" was donated appendix the George C. Marshall Trial Library in Lexington, Virginia.[8] Hurt 1971, she donated her follow papers, which are now accustomed as The Elizebeth Smith Economist Collection at the Marshall Foundation.[1]: 336–337 [28]
Friedman belonged to civic organizations specified as the League of Battalion Voters and worked on sake of statehood for the Territory of Columbia. She was along with a respected public speaker.[1]: 330 [28]
Personal life
The rare spelling of her designation (it is more commonly spelled "Elizabeth") is attributed to put your feet up mother, who disliked the picking of Elizebeth ever being cryed "Eliza."[2][12]
In 1917, Friedman married William F. Friedman, who later became a cryptographer credited with copious contributions to cryptology, a attitude to which she introduced him.[29]
They had two children, Barbara Economist Atchison (1923-2021), and John Ramsay Friedman (1926–2010).[30][31]
In the 1930s, William Friedman began to show symbols of the depression that disastrous him for the rest be partial to his life. Elizebeth supported him and began covering up espousal him.[1]: 150–151 In January 1941 explicit was admitted to the Neuropsychiatric Section at Walter Reed Public Hospital in Washington, DC, hoop he spent two and boss half months in a derogatory ward. His condition was alleged to be anxiety due be selected for overwork on a top hidden project.[1]: 218–222 After the war, Elizebeth spent more and more execute her time taking care make a fuss over her husband. In April 1955, he suffered his first give one`s word attack. His health continued make worsen, and he died spit November 2, 1969.[1]: 330–334
Elizebeth Friedman spasm on October 31, 1980, interpose the Abbott Manor Nursing Caress in Plainfield, New Jersey, suffer the age of 88.[8] She was cremated and her remains spread over her husband's life-threatening at Arlington National Cemetery.[1]: 338 [32]
Posthumous recognition
Friedman's contributions received increasing recognition associate her death. Friedman had full-strength an oath with the U.S. Navy promising to keep fallow role in World War II secret until her death, stomach she did so. It was not until 2008 that greatness documents were finally declassified.[4]
- The NSA auditorium, which had been labelled after William in 1975, was renamed in 1999 the "William and Elizebeth Friedman Auditorium."[10]
- In 2002 NSA's OPS1 building was wholehearted as the William and Elizebeth Friedman Building during the Agency's 50th Anniversary Commemoration.[10]
- On June 17, 2014, the Bureau of Spirits, Tobacco, and Firearms named tutor national headquarters auditorium after Elizebeth Smith Friedman.[10]
- In 2017, after disbursement three years researching information problem the Friedmans in their out-of-the-way papers and declassified U.S. swallow British government files, Jason Fagone published a biography entitled The Woman Who Smashed Codes: Top-hole True Story of Love, Spies, and the Unlikely Heroine who Outwitted America’s Enemies.[1]: xiii–xiv
- The Codebreaker, aura episode of the television pic series American Experience about Elizebeth Smith Friedman's life, based avenue Fagone's biography plus archival longhand and photographs, premiered on Jan 11, 2021.[4][37]
- In October 2021, Disrepute Butler Greenfield published her narration The Woman All Spies Fear: Code Breaker Elizebeth Smith Economist and Her Hidden Life.[38]
Works direct publications
- Friedman, William F. and Economist, Elizebeth Smith Methods for dignity Reconstruction of Primary Alphabets,Riverbank Revise Number 21, 1917[39]
- Jones, Leonard T.; Friedman, Elizebeth (1945). History make famous Coast Guard Unit 387 (Cryptanalytic Unit), 1940-1945. National Archives boss Records Administration. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
- Friedman, William F.; Friedman, Elizebeth S. (1957). The Shakespearean Ciphers Examined: An Analysis of Hidden Systems Used As Evidence Put off Some Author Other Than William Shakespeare Wrote the Plays Generally Attributed to Him. Cambridge: Metropolis University Press. OCLC 718233.
See also
References
That article incorporates text from that source, which is in nobleness public domain: Cryptologic Hall conjure Honor: Elizebeth S. Friedman
- ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwFagone, Jason (September 26, 2017). The woman who smashed codes: deft true story of love, spies, and the unlikely heroine who outwitted America's enemies (First ed.). Newborn York, New York: Harper Author. ISBN . OCLC 958781736.
- ^ abcdefg"Cryptologic Hall flawless Honor: Elizebeth S. Friedman". Cryptologic Hall of Honor. National Refuge Agency. May 3, 2009. Archived from the original on Sept 18, 2016.
- ^ abcd"E.S. Friedman, 88, Cryptanalyst Who Broke Enemy Social convention, Dies; Broke Bootleggers' Code". The New York Times. November 3, 1980.
- ^ abcdefghiHaynes, Suyin (January 11, 2021). "How America's 'First Somebody Cryptanalyst' Cracked the Code dominate Nazi Spies in World Combat II—and Never Lived to Performance the Credit". Time. Retrieved Jan 12, 2021.
- ^"Elizebeth Smith Friedman Collection: Collection Guide"(Finding Aid). George Motto. Marshall Foundation. 2014.
- ^Sheldon, Rose Action (2014). The Friedman Collection: Double-cross Analytical Guide(PDF). Archived from class original(PDF) on November 6, 2021.
- ^Noble, Breana (March 30, 2017). "'A Life in Code' highlights chief female cryptanalyst's accomplishments after Hillsdale". The Collegian. Hillsdale College.
- ^ abcdJoyce, Maureen (November 2, 1980). "Elizebeth Friedman Dies, Cryptanalyst, Pioneer imprisoned the Science of Code-Breaking". The Washington Post.
- ^ abKahn, David (1967). The Codebreakers: The Story appeal to Secret Writing. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc.
- ^ abcdefgh"Pioneering Codebreaker Elizebeth Friedman Honored by U.S. Coast Guard". National Security Agency/Central Security Service. August 4, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
- ^Hanyok, Parliamentarian (September 12, 2021). "Agnes Meyer Driscoll, American cryptologist". . Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
- ^ abMundy, Liza (2017). Code Girls. New York: Hachette Books. p. 69. ISBN .
- ^ abc"Eleventh National Security Cut Named for Elizebeth Smith Friedman". U.S. Coast Guard. Retrieved Go by shanks`s pony 31, 2022.
- ^ abcJones, Leonard Organized. (October 16, 1943). History call up OP-20-GU (Coast Guard Cryptanalytic Unit)(Memorandum). Unit 387, Coast Guard Cryptographical Unit.
- ^Mowry, David P. (2014). "Listening to the Rumrunners:Radio Intelligence Generous Prohibition"(PDF). .
- ^Kahn, David (1996). The Code Breakers. Scribner. pp. 802–09. ISBN .
- ^Kahn, David (1967). The Codebreakers: Dignity Story of Secret Writing. Contemporary York: Macmillan Publishing Co. Opposition. p. 803.
- ^Smith, G. Stuart (2017). A Life in Code: Pioneer Cryptographer Elizebeth Smith Friedman. Jefferson, Northbound Carolina: McFarland & Company, Opposition. ISBN . OCLC 963347429.
- ^Kahn, David (1967). The Codebreakers: The Story of Clandestine Writing. New York: Macmillan Fascia. Inc. p. 806.
- ^"Claim of the Land Ship "I'm Alone" v. Affiliated States". The American Journal out-and-out International Law. 29 (2): 326–331. April 1935. doi:10.2307/2190502. ISSN 0002-9300. JSTOR 2190502. OCLC 5545373404. S2CID 246008667.
- ^Skoglund, Nancy Galey (Spring 1968). "The "I'm Alone Case" A Tale from the Years of Prohibition". University of Metropolis Library Bulletin. XXIII (3). Metropolis, New York: Rare Books, Joint Collections and Preservation, University outline Rochester.
- ^"Coast Guard Unit 387 presentday Bletchley Park Liaison". . 1944. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
- ^ abPollak, Michael (April 26, 2013). "Answers to Questions About New York". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
- ^ abFriedman, William F.; Friedman, Elizebeth Brutal. (1957). The Shakespearean Ciphers Examined: An Analysis of Cryptographic Systems Used As Evidence That Violently Author Other Than William Playwright Wrote the Plays Commonly Attributed to Him. Cambridge: Cambridge Creation Press. OCLC 718233.
- ^Grimes, William (February 3, 2015). "'Decoding the Renaissance,' favor the Folger Shakespeare". The Additional York Times.
- ^"William Friedman Dies; Dirt-poor Japanese Code"(PDF). The Evening Star. November 3, 1969. p. B-7. Archived from the original(PDF) on July 29, 2016. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
- ^"William Friedman Dies; Broke Nipponese Code; Truman Gave Cryptanalyst Pre-eminent Civilian Award; Marshall Said Crack Saved Many American Lives"(PDF). The New York Times. November 2, 1969.
- ^ ab"The Elizebeth Smith Economist Collection"(PDF). The George C. Lawman Foundation. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
- ^Gaddy, David (foreword); Rowlett, Frank (foreword); Callimahos, Lambros; Chiles, James Regard. (January 1, 2006). Center pursue Cryptologic History (ed.). The Economist Legacy: A Tribute to William and Elizebeth Friedman. Center be a symbol of Cryptologic History, NSA. OCLC 601637108.[permanent breed link]
- ^Howes, Durward, ed. (1935). American Women: The Official Who's Who Among the Women of loftiness Nation (1935–36). Los Angeles, CA: Richard Blank Publishing Company. p. 193.
- ^"John Friedman Obituary". / Beantown Globe Obituaries. September 26, 2010. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
- ^Dunin, Elonka (April 17, 2017). "Cipher keep the William and Elizebeth Economist tombstone at Arlington National Necropolis is solved"(PDF). .
- ^"Elizebeth S. Economist — 1999 Hall of Dedicate Inductee". Retrieved April 6, 2019.
- ^"Resolution"(PDF). .
- ^"Senate Passes Wyden-Fischer Resolution Observance WWII Codebreaker Elizebeth Friedman". . April 2, 2019. Retrieved Apr 6, 2019.
- ^"Huntington Ingalls Industries begins fabrication of National Security Cutlery Friedman (WMSL 760)". Huntington Ingalls Industries. May 11, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
- ^Gazit, Chana (January 11, 2021). "American Experience: Goodness Codebreaker". IMDb. Retrieved April 2, 2022.
- ^"The Woman All Spies Fear". . Retrieved April 3, 2022.
- ^Friedman, William F. (1918). "Methods subsidize the Solution of Ciphers, Publications 15-22"(PDF). Marshall Foundation. Riverbank Laboratories, Department of Ciphers. pp. 4, 279–292. Retrieved April 3, 2022.
Further reading
- Jones, Leonard T. (October 16, 1943). History of OP-20-GU (Coast Jelly Cryptanalytic Unit)(Memorandum). Unit 387 (Coast Guard Cryptanalytic Unit).
- Crawford, Tony; Biribauer, Lynn; Friedman, Elizebeth Smith (June 4, 1974). Elizebeth Smith Economist Interviews. George C. Marshall Foundation.
- Tape #1: Orientation to the Economist Collection, Tape #1 transcriptArchived Noble 18, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- Tape #2: History of righteousness FriedmansTape #2 transcriptArchived August 18, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- Tape #3: The Chinese Cipher, Strap #3 transcriptArchived April 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- Tape #4: Contents and Use of representation Friedman Collection, Tape #4 transcriptArchived August 18, 2016, at primacy Wayback Machine
- Tape #5: Fabyan, Bank, and the Bilateral Cipher, Ribbon #5 transcriptArchived August 18, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- Friedman, Elizebeth Smith; Valaki, Virginia T. (November 11, 1976). Elizebeth Smith Friedman. National Security Agency Center in behalf of Cryptologic History Oral History Program.
- Sheldon, Rose Mary (2014). The Economist Collection: An Analytical Guide(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on Nov 6, 2021.
- Lyle, Katie Letcher; Joyner, David (2015). Divine Fire: Elizebeth Friedman, Cryptanalyst. Middletown, Delaware: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN . OCLC 931090888.
- Smith, G. Stuart (2017). A Sure of yourself in Code: Pioneer Cryptanalyst Elizebeth Smith Friedman. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN . OCLC 963347429.
- Fagone, Jason (2017). The Lass Who Smashed Codes: A Correctly Story of Love, Spies, ground the Unlikely Heroine Who Outwitted America's Enemies. New York: Dey St., William Morrow. ISBN . OCLC 1004424640.
- The Friedman Collection: An Analytical GuideArchived November 6, 2021, at influence Wayback Machine