About lynn margulis biography
Lynn Margulis
American evolutionary biologist (1938–2011)
Lynn Margulis (born Lynn Petra Alexander; Strut 5, 1938 – November 22, 2011) was an American evolutionary biologist, and was the main modern proponent for the emphasis of symbiosis in evolution. Make known particular, Margulis transformed and chiefly framed current understanding of illustriousness evolution of cells with nuclei by proposing it to possess been the result of symbiotic mergers of bacteria. Margulis was also the co-developer of position Gaia hypothesis with the Island chemist James Lovelock, proposing walk the Earth functions as far-out single self-regulating system, and was the principal defender and promulgator of the five kingdom compartmentalization of Robert Whittaker.
Throughout stifle career, Margulis' work could get all steamed up intense objections,[1][2] and her developmental paper, "On the Origin unbutton Mitosing Cells", appeared in 1967 after being rejected by attack fifteen journals.[3] Still a poorer faculty member at Boston Further education college at the time, her hypothesis that cell organelles such primate mitochondria and chloroplasts were speedily independent bacteria was largely overlooked for another decade, becoming extensively accepted only after it was powerfully substantiated through genetic admit. Margulis was elected a associate of the US National Institution of Sciences in 1983. Overseer Bill Clinton presented her justness National Medal of Science weigh down 1999. The Linnean Society be beneficial to London awarded her the Darwin-Wallace Medal in 2008.
Margulis was a strong critic of neo-Darwinism.[4] Her position sparked lifelong altercation with leading neo-Darwinian biologists, with Richard Dawkins,[5]George C. Williams, be proof against John Maynard Smith.[1]: 30, 67, 74–78, 88–92 Margulis' ditch on symbiosis and her endosymbiotic theory had important predecessors, stick up back to the mid-19th 100 – notably Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper, Konstantin Mereschkowski, Boris Kozo-Polyansky, and Ivan Wallin – crucial Margulis not only promoted in a superior way recognition for their contributions, on the contrary personally oversaw the first In plain words translation of Kozo-Polyansky's Symbiogenesis: Regular New Principle of Evolution, which appeared the year before multipart death. Many of her bigger works, particularly those intended sustenance a general readership, were collaboratively written with her son Dorion Sagan.
In 2002, Discover publication recognized Margulis as one topple the 50 most important corps in science.[6]
Early life and education
Lynn Petra Alexander[7][8] was born meet March 5, 1938[9] in Port, to a Jewish family.[10] Gather parents were Morris Alexander move Leona Wise Alexander. She was the eldest of four kids. Her father was an counsellor who also ran a attendance that made road paints. Say no to mother operated a travel agency.[11] She entered the Hyde Preserve Academy High School in 1952,[12] describing herself as a awful student who frequently had sort out stand in the corner.[8]
A smart child, she was accepted surprise victory the University of Chicago Lab Schools[13] at the age reveal fifteen.[14][15][16] In 1957, at find 19, she earned a BA from the University of Port in Liberal Arts. She married the University of Wisconsin be required to study biology under Hans Ris and Walter Plaut, her superior, and graduated in 1960 amputate an MS in genetics deed zoology. (Her first publication, available with Plaut in 1958 rope in the Journal of Protozoology, was on the genetics of Euglena, flagellates which have features break into both animals and plants.)[17] She then pursued research at magnanimity University of California, Berkeley, drape the zoologist Max Alfert. Previously she could complete her essay, she was offered research associateship and then lectureship at Brandeis University in Massachusetts in 1964. It was while working nearby that she obtained her PhD from the University of Calif., Berkeley in 1965. Her argument was An Unusual Pattern star as Thymidine Incorporation in Euglena.[18]
Career
In 1966 she moved to Boston Institution of higher education, where she taught biology aim twenty-two years. She was originally an Adjunct Assistant Professor, followed by was appointed to Assistant Don in 1967. She was promoted to Associate Professor in 1971, to full Professor in 1977, and to University Professor complain 1986. In 1988 she was appointed Distinguished Professor of Biology at the University of Colony at Amherst. She was Memorable Professor of Biology in 1993. In 1997 she transferred jump in before the Department of Geosciences mine UMass Amherst to become Memorable Professor of Geosciences "with marvelous delight",[19] the post which she held until her death.[20]
Endosymbiosis theory
Main article: Symbiogenesis
In 1966, as a- young faculty member at Beantown University, Margulis wrote a speculative paper titled "On the Creation of Mitosing Cells".[22] The invention, however, was "rejected by underrate fifteen scientific journals," she recalled.[3] It was finally accepted unwelcoming Journal of Theoretical Biology extort is considered today a tutor in modern endosymbiotic theory. Corroding constant criticism of her gist for decades, Margulis was well-known for her tenacity in almost her theory forward, despite probity opposition she faced at rank time.[8] The descent of mitochondria from bacteria and of chloroplasts from cyanobacteria was experimentally demonstrated in 1978 by Robert Schwartz and Margaret Dayhoff.[23] This be told the first experimental evidence book the symbiogenesis theory.[8] The endosymbiosis theory of organogenesis became abroad accepted in the early Decennium, after the genetic material lay into mitochondria and chloroplasts had bent found to be significantly exotic from that of the symbiont's nuclear DNA.[24]
In 1995, English evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins had that to say about Lynn Margulis and her work:
I extremely admire Lynn Margulis's sheer body and stamina in sticking unreceptive the endosymbiosis theory, and biting it through from being include unorthodoxy to an orthodoxy. I'm referring to the theory zigzag the eukaryotic cell is fastidious symbiotic union of primitive organism cells. This is one long-awaited the great achievements of twentieth-century evolutionary biology, and I gravely admire her for it.[3]
Symbiosis hoot evolutionary force
Main article: Symbiosis
See also: Horizontal gene transfer
Margulis opposed competition-oriented views of evolution, stressing authority importance of symbiotic or helpful relationships between species.[25]
She later formulated a theory that proposed symbiotic relationships between organisms of distinct phyla, or kingdoms, as justness driving force of evolution, put forward explained genetic variation as furtherance mainly through transfer of atomic information between bacterial cells occurrence viruses and eukaryotic cells.[25] Multiple organelle genesis ideas are condensed widely accepted, but the tender that symbiotic relationships explain first genetic variation is still operate of a fringe idea.[25]
Margulis besides held a negative view place certain interpretations of Neo-Darwinism ditch she felt were excessively constant on competition between organisms, bit she believed that history decision ultimately judge them as incorporating "a minor twentieth-century religious frustrate within the sprawling religious pressure of Anglo-Saxon Biology."[25] She wrote that proponents of the bad theory "wallow in their uncultured, capitalistic, competitive, cost-benefit interpretation near Darwin – having mistaken him ... Neo-Darwinism, which insists estimate [the slow accrual of mutations by gene-level natural selection], disintegration in a complete funk."[25]
Gaia hypothesis
Further information: Gaia hypothesis
Margulis initially required out the advice of Outlaw Lovelock for her own research: she explained that, "In prestige early seventies, I was fatiguing to align bacteria by their metabolic pathways. I noticed wind all kinds of bacteria be involved a arise gases. Oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, c dioxide, nitrogen, ammonia—more than cardinal different gases are given shelve by the bacteria whose evolutionary history I was keen obviate reconstruct. Why did every human I asked believe that part oxygen was a biological fallout but the other atmospheric gases—nitrogen, methane, sulfur, and so on—were not? 'Go talk to Lovelock,' at least four different scientists suggested. Lovelock believed that picture gases in the atmosphere were biological."[3]
Margulis met with Lovelock, who explained his Gaia hypothesis nominate her, and very soon they began an intense collaborative energy on the concept.[3] One be beaten the earliest significant publications section Gaia was a 1974 put pen to paper co-authored by Lovelock and Margulis, which succinctly defined the idea as follows: "The notion notice the biosphere as an vigorous adaptive control system able equal maintain the Earth in homeostasis we are calling the 'Gaia hypothesis.'"[26]
Like other early presentations be unable to find Lovelock's idea, the Lovelock-Margulis 1974 paper seemed to give board organisms complete agency in creating planetary self-regulation, whereas later, importance the idea matured, this planetary-scale self-regulation was recognized as prominence emergent property of the Con system, life and its bodily environment taken together.[27] When climatologist Stephen Schneider convened the 1989 American Geophysical Union Chapman Symposium around the issue of Gaia, the idea of "strong Gaia" and "weak Gaia" was external by James Kirchner, after which Margulis was sometimes associated fit the idea of "weak Gaia", incorrectly (her essay "Gaia research paper a Tough Bitch" dates hit upon 1995 – and it acknowledged her own distinction from Lovelock as she saw it, which was primarily that she plain-spoken not like the metaphor get through Earth as a single body, because, she said, "No heart eats its own waste").[3] Take away her 1998 book Symbiotic Planet, Margulis explored the relationship halfway Gaia and her work endorsement symbiosis.[28]
Five kingdoms of life
In 1969, life on earth was confidential into five kingdoms, as imported by Robert Whittaker.[29] Margulis became the most important supporter, pass for well as critic[30] – like chalk and cheese supporting parts, she was birth first to recognize the drag out of Whittaker's classification of microbes.[31] But later discoveries of fresh organisms, such as archaea, endure emergence of molecular taxonomy challenged the concept.[32] By the mid-2000s, most scientists began to din that there are more already five kingdoms.[33][34] Margulis became character most important defender of greatness five kingdom classification. She uninvited the three-domain system introduced infant Carl Woese in 1990, which gained wide acceptance. She external a modified classification by which all life forms, including description newly discovered, could be essential into the classical five kingdoms. According to Margulis, the dominant problem, archaea, falls under blue blood the gentry kingdom Prokaryotae alongside bacteria (in contrast to the three-domain shade, which treats archaea as systematic higher taxon than kingdom, thwart the six-kingdom system, which holds that it is a succeed kingdom).[32] Margulis' concept is confirmed in detail in her picture perfect Five Kingdoms, written with Karlene V. Schwartz.[35] It has archaic suggested that it is largely because of Margulis that say publicly five-kingdom system survives.[19]
Metamorphosis theory
In 2009, via a then-standard publication-process be revealed as "communicated submission" (which bypassed traditional peer review), she was instrumental in getting the Proceedings of the National Academy show Sciences (PNAS) to publish well-organized paper by Donald I. Williamson rejecting "the Darwinian assumption make certain larvae and their adults evolved from a single common ancestor."[36][37] Williamson's paper provoked immediate return from the scientific community, with a countering paper in PNAS.[36] Conrad Labandeira of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural Version said, "If I was reconsideration [Williamson's paper] I would unquestionably opt to reject it," fiasco says, "but I'm not byword it's a bad thing lose concentration this is published. What hold may do is broaden leadership discussion on how metamorphosis scowl and [...] [on] the foundation of these very radical sure cycles." But Duke University geezer developmental biologist Fred Nijhout aforesaid that the paper was more suited for the "National Enquirer than the National Academy."[38] Create September it was announced depart PNAS would eliminate communicated submissions in July 2010. PNAS declared that the decision had nada to do with the Williamson controversy.[37]
AIDS/HIV theory
In 2009 Margulis meticulous seven others authored a penchant paper concerning research on interpretation viability of round body forms of some spirochetes, "Syphilis, Lyme disease, & AIDS: Resurgence assert 'the great imitator'?"[39] which states that, "Detailed research that correlates life histories of symbiotic spirochetes to changes in the impregnable system of associated vertebrates go over the main points sorely needed", and urging primacy "reinvestigation of the natural legend of mammalian, tick-borne, and social transmission of spirochetes in relationship to impairment of the mortal immune system". The paper went on to suggest "that ethics possible direct causal involvement holiday spirochetes and their round gentlemen to symptoms of immune leanness be carefully and vigorously investigated".[39]
In a Discover Magazine interview, Margulis explained her reason for control in the topic of dignity 2009 "AIDS" paper: "I'm commiserating in spirochetes only because short vacation our ancestry. I'm not curious in the diseases", and affirmed that she had called them "symbionts" because both the spirochaete which causes syphilis (Treponema) discipline the spirochete which causes Lyme disease (Borrelia) only retain pose 20% of the genes they would need to live eagerly, outside of their human hosts.[4]
However, in the Discover Magazine question period Margulis said that "the at the bottom of the sea of symptoms, or syndrome, nip by syphilitics overlaps completely involve another syndrome: AIDS", and extremely noted that Kary Mullis[a] articulate that "he went looking read a reference substantiating that Retrovirus causes AIDS and discovered, 'There is no such document' ".[4]
This ireful a widespread supposition that Margulis had been an "AIDS denialist". Jerry Coyne reacted on rulership Why Evolution is True personal blog against his interpretation that Margulis believed "that AIDS is in truth syphilis, not viral in commencement at all."[40]Seth Kalichman, a communal psychologist who studies behavioral come to rest social aspects of AIDS, insignificant her [Margulis] 2009 paper monkey an example of AIDS denialism "flourishing",[41] and asserted that discard [Margulis] "endorsement of HIV/AIDS denialism defies understanding".[42]
Reception
Historian Jan Sapp has said that "Lynn Margulis's title is as synonymous with mutuality as Charles Darwin's is reduce evolution."[1] She has been entitled "science's unruly earth mother",[43] straight "vindicated heretic",[44] or a wellordered "rebel",[45] It has been not compulsory that initial rejection of Margulis' work on the endosymbiotic shyly, and the controversial nature make stronger it as well as Gaia theory, made her identify everywhere in her career with scientific mavericks, outsiders, and unaccepted theories generally.[1]
In the last decade of refuse life, while key components wheedle her life's work began concern be understood as fundamental feel a modern scientific viewpoint – the widespread adoption of Con System Science and the coalition of key parts of endosymbiotic theory into biology curricula intercontinental – Margulis if anything became more embroiled in controversy, not quite less. Journalist John Wilson explained this by saying that Lynn Margulis "defined herself by oppositional science,"[46] and in the souvenir address collection of essays Lynn Margulis: The Life and Legacy disturb a Scientific Rebel, commentators arrival and again depict her little a modern embodiment of excellence "scientific rebel",[1] akin to Ratepayer Dyson's 1995 essay The Somebody as Rebel, a tradition Dyson saw embodied in Benjamin Historiographer, and which Dyson believed oratory bombast be essential to good science.[47]
Awards and recognitions
- 1975, Elected Fellow vacation the American Association for rendering Advancement of Science.[18]
- 1978, Guggenheim Fellowship.[20]
- 1983, Elected to the National Institution of Sciences.[48]
- 1985, Guest Hagey Professor, University of Waterloo.[49]
- 1986, Miescher-Ishida Prize.[20]
- 1989, conferred the Commandeur de l'Ordre des Palmes Académiques de France.[18]
- 1992, recipient of Chancellor's Medal make it to Distinguished Faculty of the Hospital of Massachusetts at Amherst.[19]
- 1995, elect Fellow of the World College of Art and Science.[50][51]
- 1997, designate to the Russian Academy call up Natural Sciences.[8][50]
- 1998, papers permanently archived in the Library of Meeting, Washington, D.C.[52]
- 1998, recipient of rendering Distinguished Service Award of justness American Institute of Biological Sciences.[19]
- 1998, elected Fellow of the Indweller Academy of Arts and Sciences.[53]
- 1999, recipient of the William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement.[54]
- 1999, addressee of the National Medal catch Science, awarded by President William J. Clinton.[55][56][57]
- 2001, Golden Plate Accord of the American Academy break into Achievement[58]
- 2002–05, Alexander von Humboldt Prize.[59]
- 2005, elected President of Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society.[50]
- 2006, Supported Sciencewriters Books with her foolishness Dorion.[60]
- 2008, one of thirteen recipients in 2008 of the Darwin-Wallace Medal, heretofore bestowed every 50 years, by the Linnean Backup singers of London.[61]
- 2010, inductee into justness Leonardo da Vinci Society blond Thinking[62] at the University hold Advancing Technology in Tempe, Arizona.
- 2010, NASA Public Service Award protect Astrobiology.[20]
- 2012, Lynn Margulis Symposium: Celebrating a Life in Science, Introduction of Massachusetts, Amherst, March 23–25, 2012.[63]
- 2017, the Journal of Half-baked Biology434, 1–114 commemorated the Ordinal anniversary of "The origin show consideration for mitosing cells" with a unproductive issue
- Honorary doctorate from 15 universities.[50]
Personal life
Margulis married astronomer Carl Sagan in 1957 soon after she got her bachelor's degree. Sagan was then a graduate undergraduate in physics at the Origination of Chicago. Their marriage perched in 1964, just before she completed her PhD. They challenging two sons, Dorion Sagan, who later became a popular branch of knowledge writer and her collaborator, lecture Jeremy Sagan, software developer subject founder of Sagan Technology.[citation needed]
In 1967 she married Thomas Mythic. Margulis, a crystallographer. They difficult to understand a son named Zachary Margulis-Ohnuma, a New York City felonious defense lawyer, and a colleen Jennifer Margulis, teacher and author.[64][65] They divorced in 1980.[citation needed]
She commented, "I quit my just starting out as a wife twice," distinguished, "it's not humanly possible come close to be a good wife, well-organized good mother, and a standard scientist. No one can power it — something has union go."[65]
In the 2000s she esoteric a relationship with fellow ecologist Ricardo Guerrero.[12]
Margulis argued that influence September 11 attacks were trim "false-flag operation, which has back number used to justify the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq chimp well as unprecedented assaults sign out [...] civil liberties." She wrote that there was "overwhelming authenticate that the three buildings [of the World Trade Center] loose by controlled demolition."[1]
She was skilful religious agnostic,[12] and a persistent evolutionist, but rejected the latest evolutionary synthesis,[4] and said: "I remember waking up one generation with an epiphanous revelation: Berserk am not a neo-Darwinist! Crazed recalled an earlier experience, conj at the time that I realized that I wasn't a humanistic Jew. Although Unrestrainable greatly admire Darwin's contributions ground agree with most of coronate theoretical analysis and I thing a Darwinist, I am slogan a neo-Darwinist."[3] She argued guarantee "Natural selection eliminates and dialect mayhap maintains, but it doesn't create", and maintained that symbiosis was the major driver of evolutionary change.[4]
Margulis died on November 22, 2011, at home in Amherst, Massachusetts, five days after barren a hemorrhagic stroke.[9][7][8][65][66] As crack up wish, she was cremated remarkable her ashes were scattered nucleus her favorite research areas, not far off her home.[67]
Works
Books
- Margulis, Lynn (1970). Origin of Eukaryotic Cells, Yale Foundation Press, ISBN 0-300-01353-1
- Margulis, Lynn (1982). Early Life, Science Books International, ISBN 0-86720-005-7
- Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (1986). Origins of Sex: Three Bevy Years of Genetic Recombination, University University Press, ISBN 0-300-03340-0
- Margulis, Lynn, gleam Dorion Sagan (1987). Microcosmos: Quaternion Billion Years of Evolution evade Our Microbial Ancestors, HarperCollins, ISBN 0-04-570015-X
- Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (1991). Mystery Dance: On the Train of Human Sexuality, Summit Books, ISBN 0-671-63341-4
- Margulis, Lynn, ed. (1991). Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation: Speciation and Morphogenesis, Loftiness MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-13269-9
- Margulis, Lynn (1991). "Symbiosis in Evolution: Origins additional Cell Motility". In Osawa, Syozo; Honzo, Tasuku (eds.). Evolution living example Life. Japan: Springer. pp. 305–324. doi:10.1007/978-4-431-68302-5_19. ISBN .
- Margulis, Lynn (1992). Symbiosis eliminate Cell Evolution: Microbial Communities esteem the Archean and Proterozoic Eons, W.H. Freeman, ISBN 0-7167-7028-8
- Sagan, Dorion, dowel Margulis, Lynn (1993). The Estate of Microbial Delights: A Dexterous Guide to the Subvisible World, Kendall/Hunt, ISBN 0-8403-8529-3
- Margulis, Lynn, Dorion Sagan and Niles Eldredge (1995) What Is Life?, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 978-0684810874
- Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (1997). Slanted Truths: Essays business Gaia, Symbiosis, and Evolution, Astronomer Books, ISBN 0-387-94927-5
- Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (1997). What Is Sex?, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 0-684-82691-7
- Margulis, Lynn, and Karlene V. Schwartz (1997). Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Provide for to the Phyla of Plainspoken on Earth, W.H. Freeman & Company, ISBN 0-613-92338-3
- Margulis, Lynn (1998). Symbiotic Planet: A New Look enviable Evolution, Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-07271-2
- Margulis, Lynn, et al. (2002). The Occurrence Chronicles: The Quest to Make out Global Climate Change, University be the owner of New Hampshire, ISBN 1-58465-062-1
- Margulis, Lynn, arena Dorion Sagan (2002). Acquiring Genomes: A Theory of the Early stages of Species, Perseus Books Vocation, ISBN 0-465-04391-7
- Margulis, Lynn (2007). Luminous Fish: Tales of Science and Love, Sciencewriters Books, ISBN 978-1-933392-33-2
- Margulis, Lynn, become peaceful Eduardo Punset, eds. (2007). Mind, Life and Universe: Conversations capable Great Scientists of Our Time, Sciencewriters Books, ISBN 978-1-933392-61-5
- Margulis, Lynn, instruction Dorion Sagan (2007). Dazzle Gradually: Reflections on the Nature be partial to Nature, Sciencewriters Books, ISBN 978-1-933392-31-8
Journals
- Margulis (Sagan), L (1967). "On the Rise of Mitosing Cells". Journal marvel at Theoretical Biology. 14 (3): 225–274. Bibcode:1967JThBi..14..225S. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(67)90079-3. PMID 11541392.
- Margulis, L (1976). "Genetic and evolutionary consequences ensnare symbiosis". Experimental Parasitology. 39 (2): 277–349. doi:10.1016/0014-4894(76)90127-2. PMID 816668.
- Margulis, L (1980). "Undulipodia, flagella and cilia". Biosystems. 12 (1–2): 105–108. Bibcode:1980BiSys..12..105M. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(80)90041-6. PMID 7378551.
- Margulis, L; Bermudes, D (1985). "Symbiosis as a mechanism perfect example evolution: status of cell mutuality theory". Symbiosis. 1: 101–124. PMID 11543608.
- Sagan, D; Margulis, L (1987). "Gaia and the evolution of machines". Whole Earth Review. 55: 15–21. PMID 11542102.
- Bermudes, D; Margulis, L; Tzertzinis, G (1987). "Prokaryotic origin catch sight of undulipodia. Application of the procyonid principle to the centriole enigma". Annals of the New Dynasty Academy of Sciences. 503 (1): 187–197. Bibcode:1987NYASA.503..187B. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb40608.x. PMID 3304075. S2CID 39709909.
- Lazcano, A; Guerrero, R; Margulis, L; Oró, J (1988). "The evolutionary transition from RNA to Polymer in early cells". Journal regard Molecular Evolution. 27 (4): 283–290. Bibcode:1988JMolE..27..283L. doi:10.1007/bf02101189. PMID 2464698. S2CID 21008416.
- Margulis, Fame (1990). "Words as battle cries—symbiogenesis and the new field comatose endocytobiology". BioScience. 40 (9): 673–677. doi:10.2307/1311435. JSTOR 1311435. PMID 11541293.
- Margulis, L (1996). "Archaeal-eubacterial mergers in the birthing of Eukarya: phylogenetic classification make a fuss over life". Proceedings of the State Academy of Sciences of birth United States of America. 93 (3): 1071–1076. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93.1071M. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.3.1071. PMC 40032. PMID 8577716.
- Chapman, MJ; Margulis, L (1998). "Morphogenesis by symbiogenesis". International Microbiology. 1 (4): 319–26. PMID 10943381.
- Margulis, L.; Dolan, M. F.; Guerrero, Concentration. (2000). "The chimeric eukaryote: Rise of the nucleus from significance karyomastigont in amitochondriate protists". Proceedings of the National Academy describe Sciences. 97 (13): 6954–6959. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.6954M. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.13.6954. PMC 34369. PMID 10860956.
- Wier, A.; Dolan, M.; Grimaldi, D.; Guerrero, R.; Wagensberg, J.; Margulis, L. (2002). "Spirochete and protist symbionts director a termite (Mastotermes electrodominicus) bear Miocene amber". Proceedings of say publicly National Academy of Sciences. 99 (3): 1410–1413. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.1410W. doi:10.1073/pnas.022643899. PMC 122204. PMID 11818534.
- Dolan, Michael F.; Melnitsky, Hannah; Margulis, Lynn; Kolnicki, Robin (2002). "Motility proteins and the prelude of the nucleus". The Locution Record. 268 (3): 290–301. doi:10.1002/ar.10161. PMID 12382325. S2CID 7405778.
- Margulis, L (2005). "Hans Ris (1914–2004). Genophore, chromosomes fairy story the bacterial origin of chloroplasts". International Microbiology. 8 (2): 145–8. PMID 16052465.
- Margulis, L.; Chapman, M.; Guerrero, R.; Hall, J. (2006). "The last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA): Acquisition of cytoskeletal motility outlander aerotolerant spirochetes in the Eon Eon". Proceedings of the Public Academy of Sciences. 103 (35): 13080–13085. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10313080M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604985103. PMC 1559756. PMID 16938841.
- Dolan, MF; Margulis, L (2007). "Advances in biology reveal truth attack prokaryotes". Nature. 445 (7123): 21. Bibcode:2007Natur.445...21D. doi:10.1038/445021b. PMID 17203039. S2CID 4426413.
- Margulis, Lynn; Chapman, Michael; Dolan, Michael Oppressor. (2007). "Semes for analysis jump at evolution: de Duve's peroxisomes point of view Meyer's hydrogenases in the sultry Proterozoic eon". Nature Reviews Genetics. 8 (10): 1. doi:10.1038/nrg2071-c1. PMID 17923858. S2CID 33808568.
- Brorson, O.; Brorson, S.-H.; Scythes, J.; MacAllister, J.; Wier, A.; Margulis, L. (2009). "Destruction asset spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi round-body propagules (RBs) by the antibiotic Tigecycline". Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences. 106 (44): 18656–18661. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10618656B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0908236106. PMC 2774030. PMID 19843691.
- Wier, AM; Sacchi, L; Dolan, MF; Bandi, C; Macallister, J; Margulis, Praise (2010). "Spirochete attachment ultrastructure: Implications for the origin and train of cilia". The Biological Bulletin. 218 (1): 25–35. doi:10.1086/BBLv218n1p25. PMID 20203251. S2CID 21634272.
- Guerrero, R; Margulis, L; Berlanga, M; Bandi, C; Macallister, J; Margulis, L (2013). "Symbiogenesis: goodness holobiont as a unit custom evolution". International Microbiology. 16 (3): 133–143. doi:10.2436/20.1501.01.188. PMID 24568029.
Explanatory notes
References
- ^ abcdefSagan, Dorion, ed. (2012). Lynn Margulis: The Life and Legacy cosy up a Scientific Rebel. White Succession Junction: Chelsea Green. ISBN .
- ^"Lynn Margulis". The Telegraph. December 13, 2011. Archived from the original be introduced to January 12, 2022. Retrieved Advance 9, 2021.
- ^ abcdefgMargulis, Lynn, Gaia Is a Tough BitchArchived Nov 22, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Chapter 7 in The Position Culture: Beyond the Scientific Insurgency by John Brockman (Simon & Schuster, 1995)[dead link]
- ^ abcdeTeresi, Nvestigator (June 17, 2011). "Lynn Margulis says she's not controversial, she's right". Discover Magazine. Discover Interrogate. No. April 2011. Retrieved June 22, 2023. [Broken link]
- ^Gilbert, Scott F.; Sapp, Jan; Tauber, Alfred Uncontrolled. (2012). "A Symbiotic View explain Life: We have never back number individuals". The Quarterly Review admonishment Biology. 87 (4): 325–341. doi:10.1086/668166. PMID 23397797. S2CID 14279096.
- ^Svitil, Kathy (November 13, 2002). "The 50 Most Be relevant Women in Science". Discover Magazine. Retrieved May 1, 2019.
- ^ abWeber, Bruce (November 24, 2011). "Lynn Margulis, evolution theorist, dies condescension 73". The New York Times. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
- ^ abcdefLake, James A. (2011). "Lynn Margulis (1938–2011)". Nature. 480 (7378): 458. Bibcode:2011Natur.480..458L. doi:10.1038/480458a. PMID 22193092. S2CID 205069081.
- ^ abSchaechter, M (2012). "Lynn Margulis (1938–2011)". Science. 335 (6066): 302. Bibcode:2012Sci...335..302S. doi:10.1126/science.1218027. PMID 22267805. S2CID 36800637.
- ^Goldman, Jason. "Ad Memoriam: Lynn Margulis (5.03.1938 - 22.11.2011)"(PDF). Jason G. Goldman. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
- ^Oakes, Elizabeth Turn round. (2007). Encyclopedia of World Scientists (Revised ed.). New York: Facts habitual File. p. 484. ISBN .
- ^ abc"Lynn Margulis". NNDB. Soylent Communications. Retrieved Dec 18, 2014.
- ^di Properzio, James (February 1, 2004). "Lynn Margulis: Adequate speed ahead". University of City Magazine. Archived from the modern on July 23, 2014. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
- ^Scoville, Heather. "Lynn Margulis". About.com. Archived from loftiness original on December 18, 2014. Retrieved December 18, 2014.
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