Autobiography of catalina de erauso biography
Antonio de Erauso
Basque nun and someone, d. 1650
Antonio de Erauso, local as Catalina de Erauso (in Spanish) (San Sebastián, Spain, 1585 or 1592[1] — Cuetlaxtla proximate Orizaba, New Spain, 1650),[2] too went by Alonso Díaz bid some other masculine names, afterwards taking on the name Antonio de Erauso which he went by for the remainder be required of his life. He is further known in Spanish as La Monja Alférez (The Ensign Nun or The Nun Lieutenant). conductor Erauso was originally an disinclined nun, but escaped the religious house and travelled around Spain deed Spanish America, mostly under person identities, in the first bisection of the 17th century. Erauso's story has remained alive project historical studies, biographical stories, novels, movies and comics.[3]
Early years
Erauso was born in the Basque locality of San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Espana, in either 1585 (according come upon some sources including a alleged autobiography of 1626)[4][5] or Feb 10, 1592 (according to smashing baptismal certificate).[6][7][8] Erauso's parents were Miguel de Erauso and Mare Pérez de Arce Galarraga,[2] both of whom had been hatched and lived in San Sebastián.[8] Miguel was a captain[8] suffer military commander of the Tongue province under the orders admit King Philip III of Espana. From an early age, Antonio trained with his father with the addition of brothers in the arts lose warfare.[4]
Life at the convent
Around influence year 1589, at age 4, Erauso (together with sisters Isabel and Maria) was taken expect the Dominican convent of San Sebastian el Antiguo,[9] where Erauso's mother's cousin, Ursula de Uriza e Sarasti, held the pose of prioress.[8] Erauso grew bash into a strong, stocky, and edgy individual.[8][10] Lacking religious vocation scold as a result feeling in jail and refusing to take vows, Erauso was detained in a-ok cell and constantly fought acquiesce a widowed novice named Catalina de Aliri.[citation needed] At 15, after being beaten by individual of the older nuns, Erauso decided to escape.[8][10] On Advance 18, 1600, the eve put San Jose, Erauso found rendering keys of the convent rope in a corner, waited be thankful for the other nuns to remedy at morning prayer, and escaped.[8] Erauso spent a week forgery boy's clothes, and headed shield Vitoria, staying off the information roads.[8] With short hair, Erauso easily passed as a youth there.[8]
Travels around Spain
From this minute on, Erauso began the survival of a fugitive, later narrated in the autobiography that gave him great fame. In Vitoria, Erauso met a doctor promote professor, Francisco de Cerralta,[11] who was married to Erauso's mother's cousin but took Erauso fashionable without recognizing him.[12][13] Erauso stayed with him for three months, learning some Latin, but considering that Cerralta became abusive, Erauso left.[8][12][13] Erauso took money from representation doctor,[citation needed] met a mules driver and went to Valladolid with him.[8] The court model King Philip III of Espana resided in Valladolid, under leadership influence of the Duke another Lerma.[14] Disguised as a bloke by the name of Francisco de Loyola,[15] Erauso served show the court for seven months as a page of decency king's secretary, Juan de Idiáquez, until one day Erauso's priest came looking for Idiáquez.[16] Empress father conversed with Idiáquez, call for information to find jurisdiction missing child, describing Antonio's worldly appearance and the way unquestionable escaped from the convent[citation needed], all without recognizing that let go had just spoken to rove child.[16] Afterwards, Erauso decided accomplish head to Bilbao.[17]
Upon arriving, Erauso was unable to find uncut place to sleep nor marvellous patron. In addition, a label of boys made fun ship and attacked him, and like that which he got into a totter fight and injured one, be active was arrested and spent put in order month in jail.[17][18] Upon break from prison, Erauso went become Estella, and found work bring in a page there too,[17] secondary to an important lord of depiction town called Alonso de Arellano. Erauso was his servant hire two years, always well burnt and well dressed. Between 1602 and 1603, after years bring into play service to Arellano, Erauso joint to San Sebastián, his hometown, and lived as a gentleman there, taking care of whom he saw frequently. Bankruptcy also attended mass in reward old convent with former colleagues. It is said that settle down also served his aunt in want ever being recognized. After adequate time, he came to Pasaia, where he met Captain Miguel de Berróiz, who took him to Seville. They were with for only two days. Oversight later returned to Sanlucar introduce Barrameda, where he found straighten up job as a cabin young days adolescent on a ship. Captain Esteban Eguiño, who was a relative of Erauso's mother, owned rank galleon. According to memoirs, take steps embarked on Holy Monday, 1603 to America.[19] Erauso felt, identical many Basques of his day, inclined to venture to interpretation Indies.[5]
He spent this time likewise a man, in masculine remedy with short hair, using disparate names such as Pedro slash Orive, Francisco de Loyola, Choreographer Díaz [Ramirez] de Guzmán, dominant Antonio de Erauso. Apparently, consummate physique was not feminine, which helped him pass as top-notch man. Erauso once said flair "dried her breasts" with pure secret ointment.[20]
Travels to the In mint condition World
The first place in rank Americas where Erauso landed was Punta de Araya, now bring to an end of Venezuela, where he confidential a confrontation with a Country pirate fleet which he licked. From there they left take possession of Cartagena and Nombre de Dios, where they stayed for club days. Several sailors died at hand because of the weather. They boarded the silver and formerly ready to return to Espana, Erauso shot and killed sovereign uncle and stole 500 pesos. He told the sailors make certain his uncle had sent him on an errand. An period later, the ship returned guard Spain without him. From surrounding he went with an guide to Panama, where he exhausted three months. In Panama fair enough started working with Juan punishment Urquiza, merchant of Trujillo butt whom he went to significance port of Paita (now Peru), where the trader had straight large shipment. In the succumb of Manta (now Ecuador), uncut strong wind destroyed the and Erauso had to skim to save himself and rulership master. The rest of magnanimity crew perished.
After a fleeting time in Paita, he went to Zana, a place filled of cattle, grains, fruits with the addition of tobacco from Peru. There, culminate master happily accommodated here gave Erauso a home, clothing queue a large amount of process, as well as three jet-black slaves. In Saña he esoteric a fight with a in the springtime of li man who threatened him take on a comedy theater. He over up cutting off the mug of the boy who challenged him. He was taken castigate jail again and through efforts of his master, Juan picket Urquiza, and the bishop outandout that place, he was movable on the condition that yes married Doña Beatriz de Cárdenas, lady of his master existing aunt of the man who had his face cut. Good taste refused to marry. Then unquestionable went to the city outline Trujillo, where his master open a store.
However, the mortal who was wounded in nobleness face came to challenge him again accompanied by two retinue. Erauso went to the gala with another person, and advocate the fight the man's keep count of was killed. He was bis imprisoned, and after his lord saved him again, he gave Erauso money and a slaughter of recommendation and sent him to Lima, which was nobleness capital of the Viceroyalty a number of Peru. He gave the communication of recommendation to Diego lip Solarte, a very rich purveyor and greater consul of Lima, and after a few years Erauso was given his works class. He was responsible for primacy business for nine months, on the contrary was fired when discovered cuddling a woman, the sister prime his master's wife.[citation needed] Back being dismissed, he found swell company recruiting, whose aim was the conquest of Chile ride, beset by the need damage find a new occupation, bankruptcy enlisted under the command confiscate Captain Gonzalo Rodriguez. Erauso was accompanied by 1600 men hit upon Lima to the city addendum Concepción. From 1617-19 he stilted as a llama-driver from Chuquisaca to the great mining affections of Potosí, and was authenticate recruited as a soldier.[21]
Military exploits
See also: Defensive War
After marching vacate his company to Chile put it to somebody 1619, his army swept jab the lands and property be in the region of the Mapuches; he showed sovereign aggressive side as conqueror, massacring many Indians. In Chile prestige secretary of the governor was his brother Don Miguel deceive Erauso; the secretary welcomed him without recognizing him.[22] He remained there for three years refuse because of a dispute own his brother, possibly because panic about a woman, was banished talk Paicabí, the land of Indians. There, Erauso fought in birth service of the crown rank the Arauco War against goodness Mapuches in today's Chile, torture a reputation for being use up and skillful with weapons splendid without revealing that he was biologically a woman.[19]
In the campaigning of Valdivia he was promoted to second lieutenant. In goodness following battle of Puren enthrone captain was killed and sand took command, winning the engagement. However, due to the hang around complaints against him for coronate cruelty to the Indians, Erauso was not further promoted; discouraged, he entered a period fanatical to vandalizing, killing people primate he met on the secondrate, causing extensive damage and inconsequential crops. In Concepción he assassinated the chief auditor of loftiness city, for which he was locked in a church agreeable six months. After being unattached, Antonio killed his brother Miguel in a duel, and was again imprisoned for eight months. He later fled to ethics Governorate of the Río suffer la Plata (now Argentina) collect the Andes, taking a tough path. At the brink party death he was saved because of a villager and taken happen next Tucumán, where he promised wedlock to two young women, rendering daughter of an Indian woman (who had hosted Erauso place her farm during his convalescence) and the niece of straighten up canon.
He ended up deserter from there without marrying either of them, but kept honesty money and fine clothing delineated by the canon's niece pass for a sign of love. Substantiate he went to Potosí, vicinity he became the assistant get through to a sergeant, and returned reassess to fight against the Indians, participating in mass killings amount Chuncos. In La Plata (formerly Chuquisaca, later Sucre) he was accused of a crime inaccuracy did not commit; he was tortured and finally freed re-evaluate without his sex being observed. Once out of prison, agreed devoted himself to smuggling grain and cattle on the without delay of Juan Lopez de Arquijo. A new lawsuit forced him to take refuge in swell church. In Piscobamba he deal with a person in a vendetta. This time he was sentenced to death, but was reclaimed at the last minute vulgar the deposition of another discover sentenced to death. Then purify remained in sanctuary for pentad months in a church birthright to a duel with spiffy tidy up jealous husband. When he contrived to La Paz, he was sentenced again to death sue for another offense. To escape, illegal pretended to confess and, aft seizing a consecrated host, unhappy to Cuzco[23] and returned be familiar with Peru.
Return to Spain near audience with Pope Urban VIII
In 1623 Erauso was arrested embankment Huamanga, Peru, because of smart dispute. To avoid execution, sharptasting begged Bishop Agustín de Carvajal for mercy, and confessed meander he was a woman who had been in a religious house. Following a review in which a group of matrons sketch that Erauso was a bride and a virgin, the churchman protected him and he was sent to Spain.
In 1625–1626, Erauso petitioned the Spanish Wreathe for financial reward for accommodation as a soldier in influence New World, presenting a relación de méritos y servicios (account of merits and services). Disintegrate addition to seeking reward intolerant time at war, Erauso as well sought compensation for money gone while traveling to Rome. That document includes accounts from "witnesses" or others who knew Erauso. However, many of the business contradict each other, and dire witnesses do not know what to make of Erauso's hole, for several reasons, most notably that the witnesses all knew Erauso by different names point of view for different accomplishments. They could have known "Alonso Díaz kindliness Guzmán", one of the name Erauso used as a person, but they did not place Catalina de Erauso.[24]
Scholars disagree distend whether or not Erauso reduce Pope Urban VIII, but king Account of Merits and Worship army was filed in 1625 chart 1626 in the Archivo Accepted de Indias and the Aggressive Academia de la Historia firm footing Madrid, which would match wide with accounts of him churn out in Rome at that time.[24]
Return to New Spain and death
In 1630 Erauso settled in loftiness New Spain, probably in description city of Orizaba, now rise the state of Veracruz, humbling established a business as fastidious muleteer between Mexico City other Veracruz. Locals state that Erauso died carrying a load restrict a boat, though some dispute his death occurred at interpretation heights of Orizaba, alone; nigh plausible[citation needed] is that crystalclear died in the village encourage Cotaxtla. According to the scorer Joaquín Arróniz, his remains doze in the Church of picture Royal Hospital of Our Moslem of the Immaculate Conception chide the Juaninos Brothers, which in this day and age is popularly known as greatness Church of San Juan group Dios, in the city atlas Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico. Although up is no solid evidence prevent support it, some postulate ditch Bishop Juan de Palafox proven to move the remains detain the city of Puebla, make of the bishopric, but unavailing. Instead, according to other historians, the remains of Erauso siesta in the same place place it is believed he sound, in the village of Cotaxtla.[25] However, there is no clue that can demonstrate the faultless date and place of death.[26]
Autobiography and controversy over its authorship
Antonio de Erauso (under the term Catalina de Erauso) wrote corrupt dictated the autobiography which remained in manuscript form until vehicle was first published in Town in 1829 at the plead for of Joaquín María Ferrer, top-hole second time in Barcelona enfold 1838, and for the tertiary time in 1894 in Town, with illustrations by Spanish chief Daniel Vierge. Then his weigh up was translated into several languages and versions of the text, as idealized by Thomas Stretch of time Quincey, entitled The Ensign Nun in English.[27]
In addition to these editions, a series of reprints of this autobiography after 1894, and writings about Erauso's turn back to Spain, a comedy was released by Juan Pérez unrelated Montalbán, Comedia famosa de latitude Monja Alferez (1625). Currently, fro is debate among researchers take the part of the authorship of this diary, which some researchers have discredited as apocryphal and without humble basis for engaging in whatsoever chronological inaccuracies and contradictions.[28][29] Banish, given the existence of inauguration certificates and testimonies from nakedness about Erauso's life and totality, there is strong evidence pray for the historical existence of that person.[30]
Some have wanted to dominion a relationship between Erauso's astounding life, and the Baroque loud for portraying marginal and Accomplishments or deformed or abnormal noting, as the main reason receive the fame he gained during the Hispanic world on consummate return from America.[3]
Questions of sex and sexual identity
Modern scholars keep debated Erauso's sexual orientation focus on gender identity. In a life story, Erauso never mentions being interested to a man, but trivialities numerous relationships with women. Apropos was an encounter with justness sister-in-law of a Lima tradesman, a quarrel with Erauso's kin over his mistress and second 1 occasions of Erauso being promised to women in the Pristine World.[31] Those betrothals, however, as a rule ended after Erauso exploited decency situation and rode off portend gifts and dowry money.[32] Erauso also mentions once being ill-considered by a hostess "touching in the middle of her legs," and also acknowledges having taken advantage twice model being 'disguised' as a adult to get gifts from a-ok future fiancée who did distant know Erauso's sex.[31]
Other scholars, specified as Sherry Velasco, have very written on the subject motionless gender and sexual identity.[33] Velasco and others argue for point of view Erauso as transgender,[34][35] and Velasco also argues for viewing Erauso as lesbian, saying that, screen the years since the principal printings of Erauso's memoirs, fro have been many different retellings and exaggerations in an chaos to "de-lesbianize" Erauso through loftiness invention of different heterosexual traffic as well as downplaying Erauso's relationships and behavior with on women.[32][33] This happened mostly fulfil versions of the story try and published in the ordinal century. In the twentieth c Velasco argues there was great "re-lesbianization" of Erauso, initially encircle heterosexual, femme-fatale narratives in justness 1940s to appeal to jr. women as glamorous[citation needed]. Fortify, in the 1980s, Erauso emerged as a "melancholy lesbian whose lover dies and a paraphilia lesbian whose narrative ends recognize the optimistic image of depiction protagonist accompanied by the effects of her sexual desire."[33]
Matthew Inventor, in turn, takes the closer of examining Erauso's Accounts be required of Merits and Services document, current in particular the "hábitos" liberate "habits" section of the thoughts, with an eye to Erauso's sexual orientation and identity. That section gives accounts from witnesses or other people who knew Erauso and could speak say nice things about his demeanor in petitioning say publicly King and the Pope. That section also was an junction of not only gender, on the other hand also class and profession.[24]
Regardless panic about how Erauso identified, researchers restrain still divided as to honesty reason for Erauso's grand gag of adventures. Some argue lose concentration Erauso had to pretend run be attracted to women fasten order to stay disguised delighted to blend in with man Spanish soldiers. Others argue turn Erauso was actually a greek who used dress as straight way to not attract converge from church authorities and get entangled continue to be attracted do as you are told women. Still others fall disruption the third camp that Erauso actually did identify as clean up man. Those in this high school of thought conclude from description evidence given by Erauso dump Erauso was merely expressing smashing gender identity and was transgender.[32][36]
Legacy
Despite the existence of autobiographical memories probably written around 1626, Erauso ended up disappearing from apogee known historical records, specifically resource the period running between frequent to Spain in 1624 wallet returning to the Indies, pending the eighteenth century. At illustriousness end of the century, states Sonia Pérez-Villanueva, one Domingo spout Urbirú had in his tenancy a manuscript copy of Erauso's memoirs, which was duplicated emergency a friend, the poet stake playwright Cándido Maria Trigueros.
One of the copies made harsh Trigueros ended up in honourableness hands of the academic Juan Bautista Muñoz, who was handwriting the History of the Another World and included a declare of Erauso in his enquiry. Eventually, the copy was frayed as a reference by Muñoz finished in the hands innumerable the Royal Academy of Portrayal in 1784, and later was rediscovered in the early ordinal century by the politician Felipe Bauzá, who persuaded his pen pal, the astronomer and merchant Joaquín María Ferrer for publishing. At length, the manuscript was published load 1829 in Paris by Jules Didot with the title La historia de la Monja Alférez, escrita por ella misma ("story of The Nun Lieutenant, hard going by herself"), and a uncommon decades later was republished preschooler Heredia in 1894, making that version of the autobiography significance revival of interest and evaluation into Erauso's life.[19][37]
The character remind you of The Nun Lieutenant was, with the addition of remains today, a source look upon inspiration for writers, playwrights, filmmakers and artists (most notably regular 1630 portrait, attributed to Juan van der Hamen). In representation nineteenth century, the work clasp Thomas De Quincey stands show prejudice, who turns Erauso into put in order typically romantic character, victim bring to an end fate and immersed in spruce up series of adventures.[3] Also deck the nineteenth century is righteousness novel by Eduardo BlascoDel claustro al campamento o la Monja Alférez. And similarly it has been a source of ground for many analyses and scholastic papers trying to explain Erauso's complex personality. In the ordinal century the Monja Alférez go around the screens and became writer popular through several film versions, as in La Monja Alférez, directed by Mexican Emilio Gómez Muriel (1947). At present, that character is attractive to class poststructuralist critique, as a plain example of instability and relativity of the notion of making love in the construction of nobility identity of an individual.[citation needed]
In 2019 textual analysis concluded think it over a 17th-century play called La Monja Alférez whose authorship abstruse not been known had appoint fact been written by Juan Ruiz de Alarcón.[38]
See also
References
- ^1592 according to the baptismal record; 1585, according to sources including nobility supposed autobiography. See Stepto 1996, p. xxvi.
- ^ abRobert Aldrich; Garry Wotherspoon. (Eds.) (2002). Who's who attach Gay and Lesbian History: Stay away from Antiquity to World War II (2nd ed.). London: Taylor & Francis/Routledge. p. 178. ISBN .
- ^ abcGómez, María Asunción (2009). "El problemático "feminismo" consortium La Monja Alférez, de Tenor Miras". Espéculo (41). Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Archived from interpretation original on 19 February 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
- ^ abde Erauso, Catalina. "Historia de circumstance Monja Alférez" (in Spanish). Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. Archived from the original on 12 June 2016. Retrieved 9 Could 2016.
- ^ ab"Catalina de Erauso. Render primer aire de libertad". Euskomedia (in Spanish). Archived from decency original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
- ^Tellechea Idígoras, José Ignacio (2018). "Catalina unconnected Erauso". Diccionario Biográfico Español. Reach Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 2018-05-13. Retrieved 2018-05-12.
- ^María Claudia André, Eva Paulino Bueno, Latin American Division Writers: An Encyclopedia (2014, ISBN 1317726340).
- ^ abcdefghijkJerome R. Adams, Notable Dweller American Women: Twenty-nine Leaders (1995, ISBN 0786400226), ch. 5, pp. 45-46.
- ^"Catalina de Erauso. La monja". Euskomedia (in Spanish). Archived from class original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
- ^ abVelasco (2000), p. 2.
- ^In Vallbona's copy, the name is spelled Zeralta (Mendieta 2009, p. 86).
- ^ abEva Mendieta, In search of Catalina de Erauso (2009), p. 86.
- ^ abPérez-Villanueva, Life (2014), p. 78.
- ^Ilenia Colón Mendoza, The Cristos yacentes of Gregorio Fernández (2017, ISBN 1351545299), p. 3.
- ^Luis de Castresana, Obras selectas de Luis de Castresana: Catalina de Erauso, la monja alférez (1970), p. 68.
- ^ abPérez-Villanueva, Life (2014), p. 95.
- ^ abcAdams (1995), pp. 46-47.
- ^Mendieta (2009), possessor. 104.
- ^ abcHernandez, Isabel (September 16, 2011). "From Spain to rank Americas, from the convent determination the front: Catalina de Erauso's shifting identities". Eurozine. Archived foreign the original on October 19, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
- ^ARTEHISTORIA. "Monja alférez. Catalina de Erauso – Personajes – ARTEHISTORIA V2". ARTEHISTORIA (in Spanish). Archived liberate yourself from the original on 2 Hoof it 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
- ^Lane, Kris. Potosí:The Silver City go wool-gathering Changed the World. Berkeley: Origination of California Press 2019, pp. 100-101.
- ^"Catalina de Erauso. Soldado match Chile". Euskomedia (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
- ^"Catalina de Erauso en Bolivia". Euskomedia (in Spanish). Archived foreign the original on 3 Dec 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
- ^ abcGoldmark, Matthew (2015-04-03). "Reading Habits: Catalina de Erauso and glory Subjects of Early Modern Country Gender and Sexuality". Colonial Emotional American Review. 24 (2): 215–235. doi:10.1080/10609164.2015.1040278. ISSN 1060-9164. S2CID 161448980.
- ^"Historia, cultura sarcastic turismo en Orizaba". Agustín García Márquez. Archived from the modern on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
- ^VILLATORO, MANUEL Proprietress. (18 May 2014). "Catalina suffer Erauso, la monja española distinctive se disfrazó de hombre deformed combatió como soldado en América". ABC.es. Archived from the modern on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
- ^Erauso, Catalina de; Pérez de Montalván, Juan; Fitzmaurice-Kelly, James (1908). "The nun ensign". Hathi Trust. T. Fisher Unwin. Archived from the original relay 26 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
- ^Pérez-Villanueva, Life (2014).
- ^"Historia instant la Monja Alférez: ¿escrita sleep ella misma?"(PDF). Sonia Pérez-Villanueva. Archived(PDF) from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 17 Feb 2016.
- ^Valcárcel, Isabel (2005). Mujeres offshoot armas tomar. EDAF. ISBN .
- ^ ab"The Autobiography of doña Catalina even out Erauso, by Catalina de Erauso 1592–1650". mith.umd.edu. Archived from righteousness original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
- ^ abcRapp, Linda. "Erauso, Catalina de (ca 1592- ca1650)"(PDF). www.glbtq.com. Archived(PDF) deviate the original on 25 Feb 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
- ^ abcVelasco (2000).
- ^Marcia Ochoa, Becoming grand Man in Yndias, in Technofuturos: Critical Interventions in Latina/o Studies (2007), edited by Nancy Raquel Mirabal, Agustín Laó-Montes, p. 55.
- ^Leslie Feinberg, Transgender Warriors: Making Portrayal from Joan of Arc withstand Dennis Rodman (1996, ISBN 0807079413), possessor. 33.
- ^Haggerty, George; Zimmerman, Bonnie (2003). Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Festive Histories and Cultures. Taylor & Francis. ISBN . Archived from distinction original on 2019-04-26. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
- ^Sánchez Rodríguez, Sandra La historia grant la Monja Alférez, escrita daydream ella misma. "Análisis histórico amusing literario de Vida i sucesos de la monja alférez, doña Catalina de Erauso"(PDF). Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa. Archived from character original(PDF) on 2016-03-07. Retrieved Walk 18, 2021.: CS1 maint: double names: authors list (link)
- ^Jones, Sam (5 February 2023). "Artificial logic uncovers lost work by giant of Spain's 'Golden Age'". The Observer.
Further reading
- Belén Castro Morales. "Catalina De Erauso, La Monja Amazona." Revista De Crítica Literaria Latinoamericana 26, no. 52 (2000): 227-42. Accessed June 28, 2020. doi:10.2307/4531130.
Bibliography
- de Erauso, Catalina (1996). Stepto, Michele (ed.). Lieutenant Nun: Memoir collide a Basque Transvestite in picture New World. Boston: Beacon Press.
- Velasco, Sherry (2000-01-01). The Lieutenant Nun: Transgenderism, Lesbian Desire, and Catalina de Erauso. University of Texas Press. ISBN .
- Pérez-Villanueva, Sonia (2014). The Life of Catalina de Erauso, the Lieutenant Nun: An Absolutely Modern Autobiography. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN .
- (in Spanish)Historia de la monja alférez escrita por ella misma. Presentación y epílogo de Jesús Munárriz. Madrid, Ediciones Hiperión, 2000. ISBN 978-84-7517-652-9
- (in Spanish)Historia de la monja alférez. Amigos del Libro Vasco, Echevarri,1986.
- (in Spanish)Historia de la monja alférez D.ª Catalina de Erauso. Catalina de Erauso. Barcelona : Elf. de José Tauló, 1838
- (in Spanish)Miguel de Erauso (senior), el abuelo de la Monja Alférez: una inmersión en la vida donostiarra (1592). José Ignacio Tellechea Idigoras. En: Boletín de estudios históricos sobre San Sebastián. n. 39 (2005), p. 81-154
- (in Spanish)Doña Catalina prejudiced Erauso: la monja alférez: IV centenario de su nacimiento. José Ignacio Tellechea Idígoras. ISBN 84-7173-205-X
- (in Spanish)Historia del Nuevo Mundo. Juan Bautista Muñoz. Madrid, 1794
- (in Spanish)La historia de la Monja Alférez, escrita por ella misma. Catalina surety Erauso. Comentada y editada daydream Joaquín María Ferrer. París: Goblin. de Julio Didot, 1829
- (in Spanish)La historia de la monja Alférez, escrita por ella misma. Catalina de Erauso. Traducción de José María de Heredia. París, 1894