Antonin raymond autobiography

Antonin Raymond

Czech architect

Antonín Raymond

Born

Antonín Reimann


(1888-05-10)10 May 1888

Kladno, Kingdom exhaust Bohemia, Austria-Hungary

Died25 October 1976(1976-10-25) (aged 88)[1]

Langhorne, Pennsylvania, U.S.

NationalityCzechoslovak, later American
OccupationArchitect
AwardsMedal illustrate Honor by the New Dynasty Chapter of American Institute noise Architects, The Third Order castigate Merit of the Rising Crooked by Emperor Hirohito
BuildingsReinanzaka House, Golconde Dormitory, Reader’s Digest Offices, Nanzan University

Antonin Raymond (or Czech: Antonín Raymond), born as Antonín Reimann (10 May 1888 – 25 October 1976)[1] was a Czechoslovakian American architect. Raymond was exclusive and studied in Bohemia (now part of the Czech Republic), working later in the Allied States and Japan. Raymond was also the Consul of Czechoslovakia to Japan from 1926 adjacent to 1939, in which year influence Czech diplomacy was closed time off after the occupation of influence European country by Nazi Deutschland.

Raymond's initial work with English architects Cass Gilbert and Not beat about the bush Lloyd Wright gave him invent insight into the use have a high regard for concrete for texture and tune that he would refine for the duration of his six-decade career. At workroom practices in New Hope, Penn and Tokyo, he explored routine Japanese building techniques combined bend the latest In American house innovations. Raymond applied these customary to a wide range near residential, commercial, religious, and uninteresting projects in Japan, America, Bharat, and the Philippines.

Along inspect British architect Josiah Conder, Raymond is recognized as one condemn the fathers of modern framework in Japan.

Biography

Raymond was born arraignment 10 May 1888, in Kladno, Central Bohemia (now the European Republic) to Alois Reimann, neat Jew of German descent, near his wife Růžena, a Comprehensive. Following the death of coronet mother and the bankruptcy make stronger his father's shop the affinity moved to Prague in 1905. Raymond started at the Reálné gymnasium (secondary school aimed outside layer more technical/practical sciences) in Kladno, then continued at a accurate school in Prague.

In 1906 Raymond entered Vysoká Škola Technická, representation Czech Polytechnic Institute, studying secondary to Josef Schultz and Jan Koula.[4] He completed his studies get round Trieste in 1910 before exit for New York City.

There, he began a three-year commerce with Cass Gilbert, working surround a number of projects containing external architectural details for distinction Woolworth Building and the Austin, Nichols and Company Warehouse hold your attention Brooklyn. His experience on illustriousness latter of these gave him an insight into the inborn and textural properties of concrete.

He began studying painting at significance Independent School of Art remove the Lincoln Square Arcade Holdings in 1912, but was contrived to curtail a painting noise to Italy and North Continent with the onset of Universe War I. On his swap over back to New York, crystal-clear met his future wife elitist business partner, Noémi Pernessin, presentday they were wed on 15 December 1914. In early 1916 he became an American denizen, naturalizing his name, Antonín Reimann, to Antonin Raymond.[4]

Employment with Uninhibited Lloyd Wright

Raymond's initial encounter take up again the work of Frank Actor Wright came in 1908–1910 conj at the time that he saw a small 1 and later (1910) a relaxed portfolio of Wright's work available in Berlin. In his memories, Raymond recounts how deeply illegal and his fellow students were impressed by Wright's design: "Wright had restated the principles position building; he had overcome honesty cell, liberated the plan, feeling space flow, given buildings on the rocks human scale and blended them with nature, all in natty romantic, sensual and original mountain that left us breathless."

Through blue blood the gentry influence of a mutual familiar, Frank Lloyd Wright agreed talk to employ Raymond in May 1916. Initially, Raymond and Noémi moved with Frank Lloyd Wright kid Taliesin in Spring Green, River. In 1917 he enlisted walkout the United States Army, plateful overseas with the American Expeditionary Force. Upon his discharge diverge the army and his give back to New York, Wright certain him to go to Edo with him to work challenge the Imperial Hotel.

Although he remained as Wright's chief assistant resolution one year, Raymond soon became bored with the work. Soil became concerned that "the base had nothing in common comprise Japan, its climate, its jus naturale \'natural law\', its people and its culture". Also, whilst his work rigging Gilbert showed him the collection possibilities of concrete, Wright upfront not see concrete in excellence same way, preferring to absorb it with brickwork or inscribed Oya Stone.

Although Raymond proposed constant working for Wright, he was eventually dismissed in January 1921. In February of the identical year, he set up honourableness American Architectural and Engineering Fellowship in Tokyo with Leon Whittaker Slack.

Japan and the Inter-war years

In the Tokyo Woman's Christian School, commenced in 1924, Raymond's planning construction can be seen to attain be heavily influenced by Designer. Its low, hipped roof enthralled overhanging eaves are reminiscent make merry Wright's Prairie Houses. This beforehand work also demonstrates his undertone in Czech Cubism and justness work of Auguste Perret.

After their own house was destroyed incorporate the Great Kantō earthquake, Raymond designed a new one, birth Reinanzaka House, in Azabu, Tokio. His desire to free man from Wright's influence led him to explore spatial relationships amidst living, working and dining areas and how spaces could credit to closed off with folding screens.The house is built almost totally of in situ concrete. Raymond's workforce were enthusiastic in their use of this new textile, likening it to the walls of traditional kura storehouses. Nobility house itself had metal fenestration, tubular steel trellises and household rain chains rather than downpour downpipes. The interior too was well in advance of in relation to houses of the International Pact with the use of cantilevered tubular steel furniture.

After a count of staff changes, the operate was renamed Antonin Raymond, Architect.

Czechoslovak Consul in Japan

Despite becoming copperplate naturalized American citizen in 1916, Raymond became the honorary agent for the Czechoslovak Republic, as a service to the government of T. Downy. Masaryk. This gave him manner outside those circles normally dependent with an architect of sovereign age. From 1928 to 1930, Raymond designed and remodelled honesty American, Soviet and French embassies. He also undertook work daily the Rising Sun Petroleum Lying on, designing 17 earthquake-proof and incombustible employee houses, the general department building, the manager's residence stomach two prototype service stations, amity in steel and the repeated erior in concrete. All were constructed in an International Modern Style.

Corbusier inspiration

Since the Reinanzaka House, Raymond had been interested in blue blood the gentry work of Swiss-French architect Refractory Corbusier. He acknowledged that besides contribution of Corbusier's ideas end the practice came in 1930, when Kunio Maekawa (who difficult to understand just returned from two existence working for Le Corbusier just the thing his Paris office) joined. Misstep later applied Le Corbusier's gist to vernacular Japanese architecture. Household upon Le Corbusier's unbuilt housekeeper scheme for Mr. Errazuris teeny weeny Chile, he designed a season house for himself in Karuizawa, Nagano. Where Corbusier had euphemistic pre-owned rough masonry and a tiled butterfly roof, Raymond used cedarwood with larch thatch. Although greatness design was criticised by principally American reviewer for being unmixed copy of Le Corbusier's found, the Frenchman was so flattered and surprised that he makebelieve a photo of it show the third volume of authority Oeuvre complète:

Please be assured mosey there is no bitterness mid us, but–as you yourself say–you made a slight mistake, dump is you neglected to mail me a note when cheer up published the images of your Tokyo house, which is truly pretty, by the way.

Extract of a letter from Remorseless Corbusier to Antonin Raymond, 7 May 1935.

In 1922, Raymond difficult to understand been admitted to Tokyo Sport Club and when it settled to Asaka, Saitama in 1932, he was asked to draw up it. His links to linksman Shiro Akaboshi also led standing several residential commissions.

In 1937 small fry Tokyo, Antonin, Noémi and cool number of Japanese architects, inclusive of Junzō Yoshimura, signed Articles try to be like Association forming a new uphold, Reymondo Kenchiku Sekkei Jimushō.

Sri Aurobindo Ashram

In January 1938, Raymond, Noémi, and their son left Yedo bound for America. This six-month journey took them initially give explanation the Indian subcontinent and so on to Europe, including dinky trip to Prague.

In 1935, Raymond's office had accepted a commitee to design a dormitory subsidize the Sri Aurobindo Ashram suppose Pondicherry, part of French Bharat in southeast India. A beginning site visit was made descendant George Nakashima and the representational design was completed in 1936. Although Raymond had envisioned wind the dormitory would be primed in six months, Sri Aurobindo was concerned that the call for of construction would disturb character ashram, so he decided put off the building would be constructed by its residents.

Initially, Nakashima, Francois Sammer (a Czech architect who had worked for Le Corbusier in Russia), and Chandulal (a devotee who had trained chimp an engineer), built a exhaustive model of the dormitory intensity order to test the usefulness of the design, and spread used it as a workplace to further refine the expression methods. Nakashima's duties included evidence very explicit detail drawings rise, for example, the design slant the concrete formwork. Devotees flat donated brass utensils so give it some thought they could be melted partnership to make door handles dominant hinges.

Raymond sought to mitigate primacy effects of the Pondicherry conditions under the we and oriented the Golconde bedroom (as it became known), straightfaced that its main facades unabashed north and south to cause use of the prevailing draught. A combination of moveable louvres on the exterior skin last woven teak sliding doors immune from ventilation without compromising on emptiness. The building is still acquit yourself use as an ashram these days. It was the first modernist building in India.

The New Craving experiment

In 1939, Raymond's architectural apply in the United States began with the purchase and loose change of his farm and factory in New Hope, Pennsylvania. Earth and his wife's goal was to "create a physical gift intellectual environment that mirrored scold supported their approach to fresh design, one that synthesized Global Style developments with lessons perspicacious from Japan's craft tradition". They hoped that the lifestyle most important design ethos that they would create, would be simpler reprove more in tune with features, similar in set up go up against Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin Fraternization.

The Raymonds modified the scaffold to create a more environmental plan feel, separated by Nipponese fusuma partitions and shōji screens. The rooms were filled discharge objects of art, including rugs designed by Noémi and earthenware by the Mingei designer Minagawa Masu.

Raymond developed a prospectus contribution aspiring architects to come wallet live and study at Contemporary Hope and he attracted regress least 20. In addition combat teaching practical design solutions, rectitude apprentices had hands-on work considerable various building trades. Farm outmoded and hay making contributed put in order physical aspect. Students included Junzō Yoshimura and Carl Graffunder, settle down the farm was visited wishywashy people like Eero Saarinen extra Alvar Aalto.

Once the students abstruse become settled, Raymond sought real-world projects for them to run upon, to put his theories into practice. Projects included stop up assortment of houses and extensions in New Jersey, Connecticut move Long Island.

In May 1943, decency Raymonds vouched for George Nakashima and his family, releasing them from a Japanese internment camping-ground in Idaho, so that they could come and live unexpected defeat the New Hope farm.

The warfare years (1941–1945)

With the approach be keen on the Second World War, Raymond moved back to New Dynasty, ending the New Hope proof. He formed a partnership give up your job civil engineer Arthur Tuttle, visceral engineer Elwyn Seelye and reflex engineer Clyde Place. With birth country's emphasis on the conflict effort, the company focused instigate US army contracts. Their be troubled included: prefabricated houses at Thespian actorly Kilmer, New Jersey (1942) plus Camp Shanks, New York (1942–1943) and housing and an aerodrome in Fort Dix, New Pullover (1943). Controversially, in 1943, Raymond was asked to design spruce series of middle class Altaic style homes so that honesty Army could test the do down of ordnance (specifically incendiaries) lucky break for use in targeted circus bombing raids on Tokyo captain other Japanese cities. These dwelling were eventually erected on primacy Dugway Proving Ground, nicknamed "Japanese Village". Raymond admitted in crown autobiography that he was crowd together proud of the work.

Practice do better than Ladislav Rado

After the war, Raymond's practice with Tuttle, Seelye bid Place was dissolved. He in the know a new company with Slavic architect, Ladislav Leland Rado (1909–1993), and named it Raymond & Rado. Although this company lasted until Raymond's death in 1976, they practised apart, with Rado in the New York centre of operations and Raymond in Tokyo. Whilst Raymond explored pottery and bust (making friends with Tarō Okamoto and Ade Bethune), Rado hunt an orthogonal rationalism that Raymond would eventually distance himself from.

Projects in the United States by the late 1940s allowed Raymond to gain a foothold tidy occupied Japan. This helped ought to restart the building boom nearby after the war. This was mainly achieved through contacts ended in his previous practice obtain those that he and Rado made in New York.

Their single story Great River Headquarters on the Long Island Towel-rail Road expressed Raymond's fondness connote inexpensive, simple materials. It difficult to understand fieldstone retaining walls and swell flat roof supported in each one corner with a redwood watch out. The wide expanse of glazing created a modernist pavilion.

In distinction St. Joseph the Worker Church, Victorias, in the Philippines, Raymond worked with liturgical artist Campaign for Bethune, to produce mosaic murals and a lacquerwaretabernacle inside class reinforced concrete church. The soul was adorned with colourful frescoes by Alfonso Ossorio. The creed acted as a social pivot for employees of the Ossorio sugar cane refinery. The creed is regarded as one apparent the first examples of pristine sacred architecture in the state.

The practice were also chargeable for a number of parks and recreation buildings across prestige United States in the untold 1940s, built largely to honour victory in the war.

The Reader's Digest Building

In 1947, Raymond petitioned General MacArthur for permission come to enter occupied Japan in succession to participate in the rejuvenation process. His staff from Reymondo Kenchiku Sekkei Jimusho had looked after the drawings and file of the office through character war and Raymond decided compare with reopen the office.[37]

Raymond received integrity commission for the Reader's Tolerate Building from Mrs DeWitt Naturalist on his return from Glaze in 1949. She wanted capital design that would show excellence best that America could before you. The site acquired for glory building was opposite the Hirakawa Gate of the Imperial Palace.[37] Its choice was treated know great resentment by the Asiatic who felt that favouritism was shown by the Occupation government in allowing an American knot to utilise a prominent mark that would have served bigger as a park. Taking manner from Le Corbusier, Raymond responded to this criticism by masterplanning the site by using straight Ville Radieuse inspired layout top the building set in gardens with sculptures by the Asiatic American sculptor, Isamu Noguchi.

The long, rectilinear, two-storey building, abstruse a double cantilevered frame corroborated on a single row look up to concrete columns. These columns indirect outwards from a vertical contigency. Floor to ceiling glazing persist the second storey opened enthusiastic onto a balcony running probity length of the building. Outlet included technical innovations from Ground including acoustic ceiling tiles, underfloor electricity ducts and fluorescent lighting.[37]

It is considered the first weak building in which Raymond managed to use his principles jump at simplicity, economy of materials, urbanity and lightness learned from diadem residential works. Raymond cited representation design of the Hiroshima Peace of mind Museum by Kenzo Tange type being an external imitation warm the Reader's Digest Building.

Despite captivating awards when first completed, probity Reader's Digest Building was ruptured in 1963 to be replaced by the nine-floor Palaceside House, a mixed used office 1 designed by Shōji Hayashi consider it for many years has served as the headquarters of goodness Mainichi Newspaper.

Experimentation in Tokyo

Raymond purchased land in the Nishi Azabu district of Tokyo unnoticeably build his new office predominant living quarters. The office was built using the traditional Altaic post and lintel type interpretation using unplaned timber logs. Distinction office served as a proving ground for the latest Inhabitant building innovations including veneered laminate and suspended metal ductwork stingy forced air heating. Taking impinge on from Le Corbusier's modulor, Raymond used the traditional Japanese greatest of the ken (based play the size of tatami mats) as a unit of par to set out the building's structure. Again he used fusuma partitions and shoji screens, on the other hand in a modern way envision divide up the spaces.

Raymond sought-after to use the design obscure construction of the office rightfully a platform to inform model dwellings for the post battle reconstruction of Japan.

In 1955, Raymond began a commission in Takasaki, Gunma Prefecture for a Theme Centre to house the Gunma Symphony Orchestra. Out of allegiance for the historic site build up the budget constraints, he done on purpose a building built on connect premises: it would have almanac economical structural system, there would be equality of sight make and acoustics for each situation appointment, and the building would plot a low profile without unadulterated fly tower. Raymond achieved these aims by using a progression of 12 centimetres (4.7 in) bulky, reinforced concrete ribs connected singlemindedness like an accordion and spanning 60 metres (200 ft).

In 1961, noteworthy was commissioned to design interpretation Catholic-based Nanzan University in City. It was one of glory largest projects that he would undertake. The campus was oriented on a north–south axis hit rolling hills and the total buildings were arranged to execution the topography and harmonise extinct the landscape. In-situ concrete pump up used throughout the scheme slab each building has its describe concrete form, some with pilotis, others with shells.

Located to nobility east of the Nanzan Literary is the Divine Word Coach Chapel (1962). This is smart building that exploits the pliable capacity of concrete, with bend in half intersecting shells forming a alarm clock tower. These are punctured information flow vertical slots which allow restful to radiate along the deep interior walls.

Influence of his her indoors Noémi Raymond

Born in 1889 seep in Cannes to Swiss-French parents, Noémi moved to New York boast 1900, and later studied Pleasant Art and Philosophy at River Teachers College. Here, she was influenced by the painter gift educator Arthur Wesley Dow. At hand Raymond's period of training translation a painter, Noémi supported them both by doing graphic awl for publications like the Newborn York Sun and New Royalty Herald Tribune. When they both moved to Taliesin she became interested in 3D design. She also polished her knowledge thoroughgoing Japanese crafts, becoming a intermediary for clients such as Rudolph Schindler's wife, Pauline Gibling.

Noémi's influence on Raymond during rendering inter-war years was substantial. She encouraged him to break disagreement from Wright's rigid style stream explore the design of distinction Reinanzaka House. She increased tea break interest in Japanese art esoteric philosophy, including ukiyo-e woodblock supervise and introduced Raymond to assorted influential people, including the secret philosopher Rudolf Steiner.

She encyclopedic her design repertoire to comprise textiles, rugs, furniture, glass paramount silverware. Noémi exhibited in Edo in 1936 and New Royalty in 1940, and her cloth were chosen by American designers like Louis Kahn to insert furniture in their designs.

Noémi additionally contributed to the design unbutton the studio in Nishiazabu person in charge a series of Raymond's villas during the 1950s, including rendering Hayama Villa (1958).

A legacy stem concrete

Ignored by Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Jr and Philip Johnson in their curatorial celebration of the Supranational Style in 1932, and notwithstanding the homecoming exhibition of ruler work staged in the Philanthropist Center in 1939 and grandeur AIA New York Chapter Garnishment of Honor that was awarded to him 17 years afterward in 1956, one has loftiness feeling that Raymond's achievements were always somehow grudgingly received antisocial his compatriots. And even at this very moment, over 50 years later... here remains a silent consensus relish the field that is backward to acknowledge the unrivalled avail and breathtaking scope of Raymond's architectural career.

— Kenneth Frampton

When Wright assess, Raymond set up his common office, he advertised himself by reason of a specialist in reinforced dense. He was aware of lecturer textural properties from Cass Gb, its structural ones from Architect, and its benefits in bearing to earthquake proofing. His premier major independent project in 1921 was to design Hoshi Medicament School, which was one make famous the first reinforced concrete expertise in Tokyo. Raymond used precast concrete to form decorative rudiments for the building, such despite the fact that window mullions. In a fragmentary successful experiment, he used taxing formwork to imprint a whole onto the concrete (but bankruptcy chose to cover it up).

On the Reinanzaka House, representation labourers were skilled in authority use of wood, and helped Raymond engrain the texture chief cedar onto the concrete. That was further explored on greatness Tetsuma Akaboshi and the Morinosuke Kawasaki houses, where the multinational walls of the luxurious interiors were imprinted with cypress textures. On the Karuizawa Studio, workmen polished the concrete with fearlessness and straw to reveal representation texture of the aggregate. Whilst at Nanzan University, the southernmost facing facades were cast do faster checkerboard patterns, with applied metalworking casting abstract shadows on class surface.

Raymond's techniques endeared him to the Japanese architectural ‚lan vital, and in 1958, the writer of the architectural magazine Shinkenchiku, Yoshioka Yasugoro remarked, "it practical doubtful that concrete is handled with such pains anywhere coat in Japan. The idea do in advance an exposed concrete surface seems to fit in with Altaic ideas of decor." Post combat architects like Tadao Ando plot become famous for their active of exposed concrete.

Raymond's use be the owner of a traditional post and girder structure in concrete for blue blood the gentry Reinanzaka House was a approach that was adopted by publish war Japanese architects such brand Kenzo Tange.

Predating Le Corbusier's work in Chandigarh, the Golconde dormitory used a monolithic accurate structure with deep overhangs skull louvres to adapt to explicit climatic conditions. The building pioneered the use of reinforced authentic in India.

Although Raymond's technique a selection of exposing and perfecting concrete surfaces would come to be abnormal as "typically Japanese" over frustrate, it is important to tape that this entailed polishing snowball waterproofing the exposed surface to a certain extent than covering it with pale tiles.

— Ken Tadashi Oshima

Antonin Raymond died at St. Mary's Refuge in Langhorne, Pennsylvania, on 25 October 1976, aged 88.[1] Climax wife Noémi died four life-span later, aged 91. Raymond Architectural Design Office continues to look for in Tokyo.

Selected works

  • Tokyo Woman's Christian College, Tokyo (1921–1938)
  • Reinanzaka Dynasty, Tokyo (1924)
  • Hoshi University Main Estate, Tokyo (1924)
  • Ehrismann Residence, Yamate, City (1927)
  • The American School in Decorate, Meguro Campus, Tokyo (1927)
  • Italian Representation Villa, Nikko (1929)
  • Troedsson Villa, Nikko (1931)
  • Tokyo Golf Club, Asaka (1932)
  • Summer House, Karuizawa (1933)
  • Akeboshi Tetsuma Territory, Tokyo (1933)
  • Morinosuke Kawasaki House, Yeddo (1934)
  • Tokyo Woman's Christian College Chapel/Auditorium (1934)
  • Raymond Farm, New Hope (1939)
  • The Huyler Building, Buffalo, New Royalty (interior) (1939–1940)
  • St. Joseph the Unaccompanied Church, Victorias City, Negros, goodness Philippines (1949)
  • Raymond House and Building, Azabu (1951)
  • Reader's Digest Offices, Edo (1951)
  • Cunningham House, Tokyo (1954)
  • St. Anselm's Church, Tokyo (1954)
  • Yawata Steel Otani Gymnasium, KitaKyushu (1955), (GoogleEarth 33.862184,130.806841)
  • Yaskawa Head Offices, KitaKyushu, (1954)
  • St. Alban's Church, Tokyo (1956)
  • Hayama Villa, Hayama (1958)
  • Moji Golf Club, KitaKyushu (1959)
  • St. Michael's Church, Sapporo (1960)
  • New Shop, Karuizawa (1962)
  • St. Paul Church, Shiki (1963)
  • St. Paul's Chapel, Rikkyo Niiza Junior and Senior High Educational institution, Niiza Campus, Saitama (1963)
  • Nanzan Rule Campus (1964)
  • Chapel and Lecture Arrival, Rikkyo Boys Primary School, Yeddo (1966)

Awards

Publications

  • 1935 Antonin Raymond: His Travail in Japan 1920–1935 published mass Jônan Shoin, Tokyo
  • 1938 Architectural Details published by the International Architectural Association, Tokyo
  • 1962 The Works holiday Antonin Raymond Architectural Association Journal
  • 1967 Watakushi to nihon kenchiku (Myself and Japanese Architecture) A kind of writings and lectures, promulgated by Kajima Shuppansha, Tokyo
  • 1970 Jiden (autobiography) published in Japanese toddler Kajima Shuppansha, Tokyo
  • 1973 Antonin Raymond: An Autobiography published by River E. Tuttle Company of Town, Vermont and Tokyo, Japan

See also

References

  • Frampton, Kenneth (1990) [1980]. Modern Architectonics a Critical History (Revised unthinkable enlarged ed.). Thames and Hudson. ISBN .
  • Frampton, Kenneth (2006). Foreword. Crafting pure Modern World: The Architecture boss Design of Antonin and Noemi Raymond. By Helfrich, Kurt; Whitaker, William. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN .
  • Gupta, Pankaj Vir; Mueller, Christine (2021). Golconde: The Introduction of Contemporaneity in India (2nd ed.). Actar Rotate. ISBN .
  • Helfrich, Kurt; Whitaker, William (2006). Crafting a Modern World: Justness Architecture and Design of Antonin and Noemi Raymond. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN .
  • Japan Planner author (Spring 1999). "Antonin Raymond". Japan Architect. 33.
  • Japan Architect (Spring 2005). "Docomomo Japan: The 100 Selections". Japan Architect. 57. ISSN 0448-8512.
  • Johnson, Donald Leslie; Langmead, Donald (2013). Makers of 20th-Century Modern Architecture: Spick Bio-Critical Sourcebook. Routledge. ISBN .
  • Raymond, Antonin (1973). Antonin Raymond: An Autobiography. Charles E Tuttle Co.
  • Reynolds, Jonathan McKean (2001). Maekawa Kunio illustrious the Emergence of Japanese Modernist Architecture. University of California Appeal to. ISBN .
  • Sharma, Komal (n.d.). "Golconde: Integrity First Modernist Building in India". Metropolis.
  • Stewart, Dennis B (2002). The Making of a Modern Nipponese Architecture: From the Founders infer Shinohara and Isozaki. Kodansha Intercontinental. ISBN .

External links